Call outs to drainage problems is a big business and to plumbing and drainage contractors, this type of work is a significant source of income, due to the high associated costs and charges, and probably an area that most if not all plumbers and drainage contractors would want to grow in order to expand their business and increase their turnover. For this reason, purchasing one of our drain and sewer CCTV inspection camera systems makes sense.

Potential issues and problems may exist in sewer systems, which can usually only be accessed and worked on by licenced plumbers, but as well as sewers, most if not all buildings require a storm water management network, which is how rain water, and other waste water, such as swimming pool water is handled. Nevertheless, both sewer and waste water systems will consist of a network of underground pipes and infrastructure and problems will occur from time to time, just as easily in both types of pipes.

Owning a drain / sewer inspection CCTV camera will allow the contractor to look inside these pipes and find the cause and location of the blockage much faster than can be achieved with other methods. Most home owners and business owners will need a fast diagnosis with the minimum amount of fuss and disruption. I know if I was faced with the option of employing one contractor, telling me that my yard had to be dug up and the pipe cut out to find a blockage or a damaged pipe, against another contractor who could simply look in the drain pipe with a CCTV and find the cause and location of my problem, I would engage the services of the contractor with the inspection camera without hesitation, regardless of how much extra (to an extent) he wanted to charge me for his services. It’s all about speed and minimum amounts of disruption and property damage, and it’s no surprise that non-destructive test equipment, such as inspection cameras, thermal imaging cameras, underground cable and pipe locators are our biggest selling category of equipment.

It doesn’t take much to have a flooded property at all, just a good downpour of rain, or a few minutes of backwashing a swimming pool can inundate a yard with water, which backs up in the storm water pipes and floods back up above the ground, swamping everything. Water damage is a serious matter and therefore it is paramount that the network of underground pipes allow free passage of waste water or sewage to where it is intended to go rather than back into someone’s property. Normally it’s an urgent business as most customers will not be prepared to wait for days, just to have someone attend to it. Price as such generally is not an issue – time is, as most service calls will want a fast response and a fast diagnosis.

Once the problem is located, it can be rectified, and this can be a case of removing the blockage with a jetter, although some plumbers and drainage contractors still prefer to use an electric eel. Broken pipes are more of a challenge and usually require excavating around, and the damage will have to be physically repaired. Either way though, it is still a massive help to have the ability to use a drain camera to find the problem. If it is a broken pipe, or a physical problem other than a blockage, finding the location allows for easy digging out with minimized disruption and damage to property. If it is a blockage and needs to be jetted out, then a drain inspection camera is re-inserted into the pipe to verify that the blockage has been removed AND that there are no other blockages or pipe damage.

Quite a few places tend to have a higher risk of issues than others. If there are lots of trees around, it would be very feasible that tree roots can grow into the pipes (drainage or sewer) and block them causing a restriction to the flow of water. Roots will grow towards moisture and are capable of exerting a serious amount of force, which can crack pipes, or sometimes two roots can grow each side of an underground drain or sewer pipe and crush it. The possibilities go on and on. Pipes can be punctured by machinery, joints can crack and cause the pipes to fill with soil, or become very offset at the joint. Regardless of what the problem is, a drain or sewer inspection CCTV camera is the only real efficient method of finding problems and confirming the condition of the pipes.

There are a lot of drain camera systems to choose from, a lot are cheap rubbish which may be OK to an extent, but are not up to the task in hand. Trawling through certain online resources will bring up a multitude of equipment, which ships from overseas and can’t be compared to our drain and sewer inspection CCTV camera systems. With all of these various pieces of equipment and all of the different functions, it may look like one system is similar to another, but that is definitely the case. When buying a drain or sewer CCTV system, what should you look for? And why should you purchase one system over another system? Below we try to explain what the various options mean and what features you should look for, and more to the point, what makes our drain CCTV cameras better than someone else’s.

As far as the equipment goes, you can roughly place the drain cameras into three groups. At the bottom there are the budget systems, then we have the intermediate systems which tend to have upgraded camera heads and more functions, and then at the top end of all of this are the upper end systems, which have high specifications, and high resolution cameras for the best quality imaging.

Choosing the correct drain camera really depends on how often it is put to use and also the type of application it is being used for. The low end systems are fine for simple cctv drain and sewer pipe inspections. Most of them will have a 30 metre long cable reel, which connects the camera head to the control module and allows it to be inserted into the pipe and pushed along it’s length to inspect any potential areas of damage or blockages. However, if the distance along the pipe is longer than 30 metres, then clearly a low end drain camera is not going to suffice as the reel won’t be long enough. Usually the shorter 30 metre long reels will be manufactured from a 5mm thick fiberglass material and the camera head will just screw onto the end, which is useful in one way because it makes the user able to change the camera heads around if they should need to do so, but in general users of the cheaper systems don’t tend to want to interchange the camera heads, unlike users of the more expensive systems who may need to.

Our lowest cost drain camera system utilizes a 23mm diameter camera, which is good for using in small pipes as it can get around bends reasonably well, and our camera heads have a flexible spring coupling to allow the camera head to pass through bends without getting stuck or caught inside pipes. Most camera lenses utilise CMOS sensors, which are cheaper to manufacture than the high end CCD sensors. As a general rule, the CMOS sensors are found in all but the high end units, and they work fine for general drain and sewer inspections. In low light applications, they are not as good as the CCD sensors, but on a positive note, they use far less power to operate. All of our cameras have LED lighting around the lens to illuminate whatever is in front of the camera. It sometimes is possible to utilise an infrared night vision camera, but the big disadvantage with that, is that the image from infrared will be in black and white and the details are not as clear as the camera heads with true LED lighting. Our cameras have adjustable LED lighting which allows the user complete control over the lighting levels in the pipe, enhancing details further, and allowing lighting to go further up the drain or sewer pipe if necessary.

Our high end units have a far higher specification camera with a Sony CCD sensor which offers greater image quality, particularly in low light applications such as inside pipes, and generally the image (or video) will not have as much noise in it, making it much smoother and more detailed. The CCD sensors are a little larger than the CMOS sensors and therefore the camera heads have a larger diameter. We offer a straight forward 50mm self-levelling CCD camera, or a 58mm diameter, rotating CCD camera, which can pan and tilt, allowing the operator to “look around” inside drain and sewer pipes. You can look up junctions without trying to manipulate the camera, and see into various other sections of pipe. If you have a damaged pipe, you can even slide the camera up to the area of damage and then rotate the camera head and look precisely at the exact area of concern. Having a larger diameter camera usually poses no problems with the high end drain camera systems, because the majority of drain pipe will be 100mm or much larger. Our self-levelling cameras mean that the image on the sceen will never be upside down, regardless of whether the camera head tilts. Top is top, and bottom is bottom on the display, irrespective of the camera’s orientation.

With all but the cheaper systems, the cable reels will generally be longer, with the standard higher specification reel being 60 metres long, with an option to go as long as 120 metres or 140 metres, should the need arise. Our standard higher end cable reels will be manufactured from a 9mm or thicker fiberglass construction, which gives both long service life and over longer distances, it will not buckle with even a larger camera attached to the end of it, allowing far better control of the camera for even longer drain and sewer pipe inspections. Quite a few of the drain CCTV systems utilise an inferior cable reel, using a rod as thin as 4mm, which will permit too much flexing and which will inevitably prevent drain pipe inspections being conducted over all but shorter distances, plus there may be times when it is necessary to get the camera through the site of a blockage or a damaged pipe to inspect it’s full length, and a thin rod is not going to make it easy as you need the pressure to overcome any resistance, and that is why a thicker, more rigid rod will pay dividends. There is nothing worse than spending thousands of dollars on new equipment, to turn up to an important job and having problems, which could have been avoided by investing in equipment that is fit for purpose, rather than just being guided by price. I am not for one minute suggesting that you should just buy the most expensive system that it available, but I am strongly recommending that the choice should be based on what will work and not what is the cheapest.

As well as the camera heads and the reels, there are certain other features which can be combined to make the user’s life easier, or to make the whole process of conducting a drain or sewer CCTV inspection more efficient, or to ensure that nothing has been missed by the contractor, because after all the one thing that you do want is recommendations and repeat business, and having the right equipment for the job will maximize happy customers and prevent call backs and a poor reputation of not doing a job thoroughly. Also, having proper equipment will help you to do more jobs in the same space of time, and provide a professional image to your customers.

Our intermediate and high end cable reels are housed on a professional stainless steel caddy, which does not rust in the presence of water, is durable and also lightweight. They also usually have a distance counter built into them, which means that the length of cable reel inside the pipe can be automatically displayed on the video image. This is a useful function as it gives the operator a very clear idea of where the camera is located in the pipe. This distance counter can also be reset to zero at any time which even allows distances between multiple problems to be accurately measured. A number of our cameras also have something called a sonde built in to them. Basically, a sonde (sometimes called a mouse) is a small radio frequency emitter, which sends out a signal at a frequency of 512Hz. If you take one of our cable and pipe locators, such as the Radiodetection RD2000, or the RD7100DL, RD8100 or even the RF marker locator models, these all have an active 512Hz locate mode built in, which makes it possible to locate the position of the sonde in the camera and also it’s depth inside the pipe. The benefit of doing this is very clear. For example, I can go to site, insert my drain camera into the pipe, and find a blockage or section of damaged pipe. I can have a quick look at the display monitor and get a distance reading, then quickly measure this, grab my locator and do a quick sweep to find the sonde. I can mark the exact position and get a good depth reading, dig the section of pipe which I already know is the problem, cut out and replace it, or clear the blockage if it is not damaged and minimize the time it takes, remain competitive on price, and keep my customer happy.

Quite a few of our customers ask why we use a frequency of 512Hz for the transmitter in the camera head, and the answer is two-fold, but also very simple. First of all a 512Hz signal does not couple onto adjacent services as readily as a higher frequency signal such as 33kHz, so it reduces the risk of you trying to locate the position of the camera and having a load of responses from signal coupling to other conductive services, such as cables, metallic pipes, telecoms cables etc. Secondly 33kHz and the higher frequency signals are masked by materials such as cast iron and ductile steel, so if you were to use a different frequency, and want to find a camera in a cast iron or ductile steel pipe, it won’t work. A 512Hz signal can travel though this material and therefore allow you to locate the camera position in a far wider range of materials.

Our intermediate and higher level systems all have a built-in keyboard which can be used for adding text overlays and giving more information, which is something that can be added to customized reports for clients and stakeholders. Sometimes this extra information can point out or clarify the contents of the video or image, which can be saved to an included SD card (which can be expanded). To get the images to a PC, you simply just need to remove the SD card and transfer the image or video files to a PC or laptop, and these can be inserted into inspection reports if the need arises, or just sent to clients through either email, cloud or saved to USB. With our newer control boxes we even added a USB port to allow support for USB devices, such as memory sticks. Not only does this allow for easy media storage, but it also allows us to let you upgrade the unit firmware, if there are new releases over the years, without you having to ship the head unit back to us.

One of the advantages of our units is that they are fully modular, so if you wanted to, you could buy a decent head unit and couple that with any reel, then later upgrade the reel, or for example, you may need a small reel and camera to go over much shorter distances though a narrow diameter pipe. With our systems, it is just a case of having a shorter reel (our smallest camera is 6mm in diameter and tends to be popular for looking inside walls or very restricted spaces, then for standard drain or sewer CCTV inspections, you just change the reel over and away you go. You don’t need multiple systems.

Our drain and sewer cameras are not something that can be compared to the low end equipment flooding some parts of the market. We have particular firmware, which makes the units operate in a certain way, particularly with regard to user friendliness. We have designed our inspection systems so that the operator can adjust settings very easily through the control box, with all of the information being displayed on the colour TFT monitor, much like a computer, or a GPS system. This gives easy control over key features and makes the whole set up procedure simple. Our cameras are manufactured from aluminium housings, and not plastic which is painted to look like a metallic structure. The lens covers are made from sapphire glass. Only diamond is harder, and this gives our cameras durability, long service life and protects the device from harsher environments. Our cameras are IP68 rated, or in other words they are weatherproof and waterproof. We house or systems in tough, hard ABS cases with locking clamps and everything inside laid out in a logical order.

We offer various sizes of colour monitor. For the lower end system where customers are more inclined not to demand lots of features, we offer a 7 inch display, but nevertheless, these lower end units are still good for contractors who may not want to do drain and sewer cctv inspections regularly. They still have a built in DVR function to record images and videos, powerful LED lights and a compact reel which fits in the case. As the equipment gets more expensive, we start to offer the 9 inch monitor, which gives a good high resolution image. You tend to want to keep the screen size from being too large with the lower end cameras, which maintains a sharper image. As we get up to the higher end equipment, with the self-levelling cameras and the CCD sensors, the image quality improves a lot and justifies the use of a larger screen, so we fit our new 15 inch screen to these camera systems, making the screen easier to see due to the much larger size.

We option all of our cameras – particularly the high-end units with various accessories to make them as versatile as we possibly can. We have a range of camera skids for different pipe sizes. Our CCD cameras can utilise the adjustable skid which can expand to fit a range of different pipes. It even has a spring-loaded mechanism, keeping the camera centred in the pipe and not allowing it to scrape along the bottom.

Apart from all of the custom improvements we make to the drain and sewer camera systems, we also stock a full range of spares here in Brisbane, so in the rare event of a problem, most of the time we will just ship you out a replacement part, which means that you don’t have to ship back a complete system for any warranty issues. If a component in one of our drain cameras systems fails, we will replace it for you in most cases very easily and very simply, meaning you have minimum down time and minimum inconvenience. We offer a full range of technical support, our equipment is stocked here in Australia, and it is built for Australian conditions.

If you are still confused by the range of available equipment, or you need some help in choosing the most appropriate drain /sewer inspection CCTV cameras system, give us a call on 1800 837 837 and speak to the manufacturer directly, or email us at sales@test-equipment.com.au If you want a custom build, then call us and we will in most cases build it for you. We ship or equipment all over Australia and New Zealand from here, we also offer training and full product support, and pride ourselves on being a fully owned Australian company, with innovative ideas and time served, qualified staff, all of whom have a wide range of experience.

When this type of failure exists, then power quality is something that should be looked at as a potential underlying cause of the problem. Modern electrical systems carry a multitude of loads, and due to the critical operation of these networks, power quality analysis is becoming a big business, due to it’s overall importance in today’s industry and processes.

With so many different models of power quality analysers available, the problem for the end user is differentiating between the various functions and specifications. Like many instruments, there is a wide range of prices, all reflected in the functionality and capability of the power quality analyser. This in itself can be daunting enough to anyone who is not used to dealing with this type of equipment, and coupled with the fact that the analyser has to measure numerous power quality parameters, and then the user has to interpret the readings, it becomes a relatively difficult procedure, when compared to say taking a one off measurement with a clamp meter or a multimeter.

However, when all is said and done, power analysis requires some straightforward knowledge of power distribution systems, and some understanding of the effects of the power quality issues on the electrical system. It does not have to be a long, drawn out process as modern power quality analysers reduce the user’s involvement to setting up of the basic functions, (such as the recording period, type of electrical system etc.), installing the power quality analyser into a switchboard (or wherever the point of measurement is), connecting it and then finally after the recording is complete, downloading the data, analyzing it and presenting the findings to the appropriate person in the process.

Even the most basic power quality anlaysers are capable of monitoring a heap of power quality parameters. The vast majority of even the cheaper analysers can monitor and record voltage, current, power (active, reactive and apparent), energy consumption, power factor, phase angle, and at least some form of harmonics – most will be able to measure harmonics to 50^th order. The more expensive power quality analysers can offer more advanced features, such as true inrush current, flicker (short and long term) and can store various events and alarms, but that will get covered later on. For now, it is important to understand the difference between the different power quality analysers and meters, and to understand what each one is capable of before deciding on an investment.

In many cases, the end user can be confused by the different parameters which can be recorded in modern power systems and as a result, the whole process is transformed from what should be a relatively straightforward process, into a myriad of technical terms and processes, so hopefully, this article aims to shed some light on the whole thing and help to gain some understanding of the different features, and more to the point, the pertinent differences from one power analyser to the next. With the average cost of a professional level power quality meter ranging from under $3,000 up to over $10,000, and a wide range of products available, it’s easy to see why selection of a suitable product, and understanding it’s capabilities can be such a daunting task, when it really doesn’t need to be.

So, let’s take a look at the various functions and parameters that can be measured

A basic power quality analyser, would normally be able to measure voltage, current and power consumption, but in reality even the cheapest power meters can measure more than that, with power factor, energy consumption (which is not exactly the same as power consumption) and a few other things on top of that.

Voltage and Current are a pre-requisite to power measurements, in other words without measuring both of these, the power quality analyser can’t calculate any power functions. Once we measure voltage and current simultaneously, we now have a range of power information available.

Nearly all power quality analysers will record apparent power, active power and reactive power, but it is a poorly understood subject. When most end users think of power, they think of active power, which is what is measured in kW (kilowatts). Active power is the useful part of the equation, in other words, the power that is “used to do useful work”. It is this active power that is consumed by the load, and converted into another form, such as heat or light or movement. Reactive power on the other hand (kVAR) is power that exists in the circuit, oscillating between the source and the load. Reactive power cannot be converted into another form or consumed by the load, but it’s presence is still important in any power system, as it facilitates the transfer of real (active) power through transmission lines and equipment. In a nutshell, reactive power regulates the voltage in an electrical distribution system, and without it, you would have voltage collapse. Although the reactive element plays no direct part in useful work, it is necessary to assist in the transfer of real (active) power. I have heard comparison drawn to the beer glass as in the diagram to explain reactive power, which represents active power as the beer and reactive power as the head on top (in other words the wasted part), but I don’t like this analogy as reactive power has a very real part to play in transmission of power, so I prefer to use the buckets of water scenario as a better representation.

As an example, purely in layman’s terms, imagine that electricity can be represented by buckets of water. At the source, someone picks up two buckets full of water and carries them to the load, and empties the buckets before walking back to the source to refill them and repeating the process continuously. Active power is the water, which is used to perform useful work, the buckets represent reactive power, as they have no direct benefit in performing any work, but they are necessary to transfer the power to the load. The sum of this, is what is called apparent power (measured in VA or KVA) and is the total power. The ratio of the active power to the apparent power (in simplistic terms), or in other words the ratio of the real power used to do work, against total supplied power is what we call power factor. A great deal of emphasis is placed on power factor, as a higher figure is more desirable because the conversion of electricity by the load is more efficient.

Most, but not all power quality analysers are capable of monitoring harmonics. Harmonics are caused by non-linear loads in power systems and are a frequent cause of power quality problems. These harmonics can cause over heating in cables and equipment, as well as problems in variable speed drives and motors. In electrical power systems, harmonics are multiples of fundamental wavelength, so therefore the first order harmonic is that at 50Hz in Australia, second order 100Hz, 3 order is 150Hz and so on. The third order harmonic in particular is responsible for overheating of cables and distribution equipment. Power and utilities companies place a large emphasis on third order neutral harmonics because three phase power, in theory has a phase angle of 120 degrees between the phases, which has advantages such as electromotive torque. In this sort of balanced three phase system, the phases should cancel each other out, and all three phases should be perfectly balanced, however in reality this is seldom, if ever true and so the purpose of the neutral conductor is to carry the unbalance current. Harmonics when present add to the amount of current that the neutral has to carry, and as these harmonics increase, the current required to be carried by the neutral increases, which requires larger conductors due to overheating caused by the extra current. Economically, the neutral conductor is more expensive to install if it is required to be larger, and so power distribution companies pay attention to this quite extensively. Many customers call us and are not interested in recording harmonics, but it plays a big part in power quality issues, and is therefore important to have some understanding of this. Recently one client sent a power quality recording to our office for further advice, because the neutral current on the site they were recording was high – more or less higher than any of the three phases. However, they felt that harmonics was not a particularly important issue and failed to record them. As it turned out, the harmonics were responsible as the recording was done during an event with lots of non-linear loads, such as compressors and motors connected to the network.

The cheaper power quality analysers are, on the whole capable of harmonics recordings, with the exception being the Kyoritsu 6305, which is a power quality meter, designed for simple recording of power, but without advanced analysis. This would be an ideal meter for someone who just wants to record energy consumption and basic power information, such as current, voltage, active power, reactive power, power factor, but without the addition of analyzing harmonics.

Flicker and Inrush tend to be available on most of the mid-range to high end power quality analysers, and again, they are not terms which are particularly well understood. Inrush current is better understood of the two. Basically, start up a motor, or a lighting circuit, and when the start-up, there is a momentary surge of current being drawn by the load. This “spike” of current is known as inrush current and normally will be from several to many times larger than the device’s full load current. Although this inrush current usually exists for just a few cycles, it still has to be taken into account when selecting over current devices and protective devices, as they need to be able to react quickly in the event of a short circuit or overload, but they must not react to the initial inrush current flowing in the circuit, which is generally considered both normal and harmless. Flicker on the other hand is caused by voltage fluctuations, the cause of which are very often related to changing loads in the electrical network. This voltage fluctuation is responsible for high speed flickering of lights, computer monitors and can affect sensitive people in various ways. Additionally, flicker can also affect industrial processes which rely on a constant electricity supply. The likelihood of flicker increases with relation to the size of the load change and the amount of prospective short circuit current available (at the common connection points of the loads). Nevertheless, it is still a very real power quality issue, and is either measured over long term or short term. Long term flicker (Plt) is generally observed over a 2 hour interval, with short term flicker (Pst) observed over a 10 minute interval. The algorithmic scaling differs for each type of flicker, but it would be outside the scope of this article to write a full explanation.

The AEMC PEL-103 is probably the most popular power quality analyser we stock, and outsells all other power quality analysers, mainly because of it’s low price an number of features, which would most likely give it the best performance to cost ratio of any of our power quality analysers. You get a full kit, in a bag, which includes the PEL-103, three flexible current probes, four voltage leads, Dataview software, an SD card and card reader, as well as a power lead to keep the PEL-103 powered up and the back up battery fully charged. The PEL-103 can measure voltage, current, harmonics to 50^th order (7^th order on a high frequency 400Hz network), total harmonic distortion in %, active power, apparent power, reactive power, active, apparent and reactive energy consumption, power factor, crest factor, and a number of other power parameters. AEMC have kept the PEL-103 simple with an easy to read LCD display and thee unit itself is compact, being only 35mm or so thick, and the ruggedised housing also has four strong magnets embedded into it, allowing for fast and easy positioning in metal switchboard cabinets. You can either choose to configure recordings from the Dataview software by just connecting the PEL-103 to a Windows PC or you can set up most functions on the PEL-103 itself. It’s possible to either just start it recording as soon as the button on the front panel of the instrument is pressed, or you can even set the PEL-103 to schedule the start and end of a power quality recording. AEMC provide a number of connection interfaces, including the familiar USB, Bluetooth and even Ethernet. The PEL-103 can be plugged into a LAN, or even a GSM point and monitored remotely from anywhere with a connection. AEMC have also recently made an Android app, known simply as PEL, which allows the PEL-103 to be set up and configured, over it’s Bluetooth connection. It is also possible to connect to the power analyser and view the data in real time, or even download it. The supplied Dataview software allows data to be downloaded from thee PEL-103 and customized reports can be created with graphs and tabulated data for professional presentation of results. The PEL-103 also has a sort of “little brother” in the form of the AEMC PEL-102. It’s physically the same size, but lacks the LCD screen, making set up and configuration possible only from the Dataview software or the Android App. For the sake of only $300-400 or so, the PEL-103 is by far the more popular power meter. There are also some downsides of the PEL series. For instance because of it’s compact size, it only has around 30 minutes of battery back up should the power supply fail. AEMC have added an optional adapter, which can be plugged into the PEL-102 or PEL-103 and allows them to be powered from the switchboard voltage connections.

Going on from there, AEMC recently released the PEL-105 power quality analyser, which is sort of a much enhanced PEL-103. The screen is similar with the same LCD style of display, but it’s housed in a weatherproof case, which is rated to IP68 and also is pole mountable. Additionally, the PEL-105 also has a fourth current sensor, so it is capable of directly measuring neutral current, unlike the PEL-103 which calculates the neutral current, based on the loading, power and harmonics in each of the three phases. Direct measurement of the current and voltage in the neutral will, of course give more accurate results, particularly where harmonics (3rd order neutral harmonics) are concerned. As well as the fourth current sensor, the PEL-105 also has an additional voltage input, so both line to earth and line to neutral voltage can be measured, as well as the phase to phase voltage in a three phase electrical circuit.

The AEMC Dataview software has also received an upgrade for the PEL-105 and offers the user a number of enhanced features, such as the ability to view phasor (or vector) diagrams on the software, and the ability to set up most functions of the PEL-105. Just like the PEL-102 and PEL-103, the PEL-105 can be configured either through the DataView software, through the Android app (via the Bluetooth connection) or via the front panel.

The AEMC PEL-105 is fully phase powered, meaning that although there is a power charger included with it, most of the time this is not used, other than on occasions where you may want to plug it into mains power in the office or when phase power is not available. Whenever the PEL-105 is recording or monitoring in a switchboard, up a pole or somewhere else, then mains power is always going to be available, so all that needs to be done is the current sensors fastened on (these are flexible ones so can just be unclipped and fastened on) and the voltage leads connected. The V1 and N connections will supply the PEL-105 with mains power in order to keep it running and recording, and also the backup battery will be kept charged by these connections.

One thing that the PEL-105 has which is not a feature shared with the PEL-102 and PEL-103 is WiFi, which allows for wireless connection to a mobile device, or even wireless connection to a LAN. With the DataView software, it is even possible to connect multiple PEL units to a building and then monitor them via this link.

Most of the connections are on the front panel, but when the lid is closed on the PEL-105, these connections are not accessible (mains charger input, USB port, Ethernet port, SD card slot). The inputs for the voltage and current sensors are all; in one place at the end of the unit. If the PEL-105 is pole mounted, then these connections will be at the bottom, and once connected and with the lid closed and fastened, the PEL-105 boasts a very high IP68 rating, making it waterproof and dustproof, which is essential for using outdoors, or in harsh environments. Like the PEL-102 and PEL-103, the AEMC PEL-105 can also be remotely monitored, either by connecting it into a LAN (by plugging into an Ethernet point), by WiFi, or even by connecting it to a GSM modem. Sometimes, it is necessary to leave something recording in a remote place, but with this level of connectivity, you can now leave it and remotely access it from somewhere else, as long as there is an internet connection. The PEL-105 has only just been released, so it’s still early to tell, but the indications are there at the moment, that it’s poised to do extremely well in the power quality analyser market, here in Australis, because for the level of features that are available, the price of the PEL-105 is to say the least, extremely competitive.

HT Italia offer a similar unit, but without a screen in the form of the PQA820. Although this is also weatherproof, like the PEL-105 and the AEMC 8435 (more about that one later) the functionality is reduced. It is phase powered, and it has 4 flexible current probes, but the only way to monitor the PQA820 is to connect it to the HTAnalysis app (which works with Android and iOS) and view it in real time. Not having a screen is one of those things, especially with a power quality analyser that you miss a lot if you don’t have it. Most users tend to want to see the screen on the device and be able to scroll through the parameters once it’s recording. The other thing about the PQA820 is that it will only measure up to 1,000A (AC) so if you need to go higher than this, you need a different power analyser.

HT also make the VEGA78, the PQA823 and the PQA824 power quality analysers. These are more traditional in design, with colour screens, waveform diagrams, vector (phasor) diagrams and so on. In fact, the HT Italia meters can measure most power related things, and the PQA824 is very fast, being able to capture voltage transients to a resolution of 5 micro seconds, but the price is quite high for all of this speed, and the memory is internal with a 15MB limit, although this can be expanded with a Flash Memory Card, rather than the SD cards used by AEMC. The VEGA78 is the cheapest of the three units, and records quite a few parameters, but you will lose out on flicker and inrush current, however the VEGA78 compares with the AEMC PEL-105 on pricing, but for most customers they tend to either look at one of the AEMC high end power quality analysers, such as the AEMC 8336 or AEMC 8435, or go for the PEL-103 and PEL-105 as they have very up to date functionality and a no nonsense, simple to use interface.

For those customers looking at the upper end of the scale, and preferring a power quality analyser with a host of more advanced features, the AEMC 8336 tends to be the instrument of choice. Although the AEMC 8333 may be cheaper, like the PEL-103 it does not have a neutral current sensor and calculates it’s neutral current, plus it also has a built in memory, rather than the more flexible removable SD card option, and for most customers looking at the top end of the market, the neutral current sensor and the ability to expand the memory are essential. When you look at the recordings, and more to the point the space that the recording data occupies in terms of the available memory, the harmonics are the one thing that occupy more space within the memory than any other single parameter. Record harmonics and you need a decent size of available memory to cope with it. Most users looking at something like the AEMC 8336 or even the 8435 would not entertain the thought that harmonics is not important, particularly when you consider the impact that harmonics have on the neutral current in a three phase distribution system, and the further impact caused by the neutral carrying too much current, beyond it’s design capabilities.

When you look at something like the AEMC 8336 (the AEMC 8435 is quite similar but in a weatherproof housing with weatherproof sensors and a few differences) then you are getting a very capable, top of the range power quality analyser. The AEMC 8336 has a multitude of features, designed for complete power quality analysis in a range of three phase, split phase and single phase distribution systems. You have four current inputs and five voltage inputs, so direct recording of neutral current and voltage is possible. On top of that the AEMC 8336 has a large colour display with waveform graphs, phasor (vector) diagrams, and various tabulated data. The user can manipulate the display and select different families of data for real time analysis.

The AEMC 8336 also can store searches and record up to 210 transients. The user can also take screen shots and download the data into the supplied DataView software and can set up to 40 types of alarms with up to 7 active ones and another 16,362 recorded. Apart from this, True Inrush current is a feature of the AEMC 8336, which can be RMS + Peak or RMS only as well as full harmonics up to 50^th order. I harmonic mode the AEMC can capture and record both individual harmonics as well as RMS distortion, for both the phases and the neutral individually. Being able to also capture various power functions, including power distortion, active power, reactive power, apparent power, power factor, energy consumption, and all of these can be recorded to IEEE1459 with a setting in the power analyser.

The backup battery in the AEMC 8336 is also very long, allowing the AEMC 8336 to run in recording mode for up to 25 hours (according to the manufacturer), although most of the time the power quality meter will be simply plugged into a socket outlet to keep it mains powered. All of the PowerPad III units (AEMC 8333, 8336, 8435) are advanced level power quality analysers, but saying that, they are still simple to set up and use. The same DataView software program is supplied with all AEMC power quality analysers for downloading the data and compiling customized reports which can be sent to customers either as email attachments, or printed documents.

All AEMC power quality analysers and Kyoritsu power quality analysers are “plug and play” instruments, which effectively means that as soon as you plug a certain type of current probe into it, the meter will recognize the type of current clamp being used and eliminate any mistakes caused by the user not setting the power analyser up correctly.

The Kyoritsu brand of power quality analyser are also a fairly popular instrument. Although they do not have the same level of functionality as the AEMC power analysers, the Kyoritsu 6315 is a very capable meter indeed, but again it comes down to user choice. Kyoritsu is a very well known brand in Australia and to an extent that can equate to more sales, as we find a lot of customers buy on recommendation within the industry, and why wouldn’t they?. Recommendation is the most powerful form of sales lead there is. You see something being used by someone else, or see – for example a power quality report from a certain brand and model of power quality meter, and you are more likely to be pre-disposed to buy that same one.

The Kyoritsu family consists of only 2 models, the Kyoritsu 6305 and the Kyoritsu 6315. Basically, the difference between them is that the Kyoritsu 6305 is classed as a power meter, and offers what must be the most simple user interface on the market. There’s a keypad and a rotary dial and if you turn the rotary dial anti-clockwise as far as it goes, that’s the Off position. Click it to the right and you go to the Set Up function allowing you to configure the recording. Click to the right again and you get the Wiring Check position, so that when the voltage leads and current probes are in place, any incorrect connection is highlighted immediately. Click to the right again and you are in the Demand position. Right next to that is the Start/Stop button which allows for fast and easy recording. The final position allows the data to be checked and downloaded to a PC. Simple as that.

The screen on the Kyoritsu 6305 is a large LCD display, and it’s simplicity and large numbers have something appealing about it. There are no harmonics though with this meter, it’s simply for recording power, but not for fully analyzing it. I guess the purpose of the Kyoritsu 6305 is to allow power consumption, voltage, current and those sorts of things to be measured, but not for recording of harmonics and distortion, and that probably explains why there isn’t a neutral current and voltage sensor – because there is no need for it. If you are interested in the amount of neutral current and potentially exploring the cause of it, then the Kyoritsu 6315 or one of the other power quality analysers is where you should be heading.

Both the Kyoritsu 6305 and the Kyoritsu 6315 have included software and also will work with the Kyoritsu Android app, but the main difference (apart from the colour screen on the Kyoritsu 6315) is that the 6315 is a power quality analyser, rather than a power meter. By this what is meant is that it can record a much wider range of power functions and parameters, such as full harmonic analysis, and because of this it has more input channels. The simplicity is still there and the Kyoritsu 6315 even has a single button labelled “Quality” which automatically records various functions associated with analysis of power issues. It’s a very simple to use meter, with a really nice range of features, and the built in Bluetooth and app makes it very versatile.

All in all, the final decision is based on many things, and the whole purpose to writing this article was to differentiate between the various power quality analysers, and also to explain some of the terms and help you to understand why you should monitor certain things and why. However, feel free to call us on 1800 837 837 if you would like some further guidance on selection of a suitable power analyser and speak to one of our experts.

This new process is now part of a process known as Dial Before You Dig (or DBYD) accreditation, and the requirements to being signed off are far stricter than they previously were. Contractors must now undergo both the theory and practical testing and assessment required by Dial Before You Dig. For those contractors wishing to undertake the theory testing, which is done as the first part of the process, a short two day NULCA (National Utility Locating Contractors Association) course is offered by a limited number of training organisations, which is useful to brush up on the knowledge required to undertake the theory assessment, and is also useful in that this information will also better place you to undertake the practical assessment, the second part of the Dial Before You Dig Accreditation process. Although we get asked by many contractors, who are new to the industry, or are intending to add it on to an existing business, some experience is invaluable and really quite essential to undertake the testing.

With this new process, the part that is least understood is what sort of equipment is required. Many contractors contact us, or drop in to our office with a cheap underground service locator, which they have managed to get hold of, but the basic fact of the matter is that it just will not comply with the required list of equipment. The most expensive thing on that list is your underground services locator, or underground utilities locator or underground cable and pipe locator – whatever name you might know it by. Gone are the days when you may have been able to buy any underground service locator, get signed off and be let loose as an accredited locator. The underground service locator in particular has a very strict set of requirements, and these must be adhered to strictly in order to undertake the practical assessment. There’s nothing worse than having the wrong equipment, having to outlay thousands of dollars to get the right underground service locator kit and then also have to be re-assessed again (at an additional cost usually) because of a decision based on cost rather than requirements.

The underground service locator must meet the following requirements:

It must have a minimum of 2 frequencies, although 3 is preferable. Saying that, the more frequencies you have – to an extent, the more services you may be able to precisely locate. Nearly every underground service locator on the market will have the standard 33kHz frequency that is familiar to those of us who are used to using the equipment. Something like the Radiodetection C.A.T4+ and Genny 4 Cable Avoidance Tool is a single frequency underground service locator, and while they are very good at basic buried utilities locators, they will not meet the requirements of the Dial Before You Dig Accreditation. Technically, although the Radiodetection C.A.T4+ and Genny4 is marketed as a single frequency locator system, it is actually a two frequency machine, as it outputs what Radiodetection call a “small diameter locate signal” which is used to locate small diameter cables, such as twin pair, telecoms cables and so on. Although the frequency is not advertised, it is most likely to be 131kHz, or a suitably high frequency. Nevertheless, regardless of the number of frequencies on the C.A.T4+ and Genny4, it will not meet the stringent equipment requirements of the Dial Before You Dig Accreditation because of other locator requirements.

The next requirement of a suitable underground service locator is that it is required to have separate Peak and Null modes. Although to many prospective buyers of cable and pipe locators, these modes are somewhat confusing, they actually serve a very useful purpose. In modern buried infrastructure, cables and pipes often lie close together. Telephone lines in particular can be in crowded pits, buried alongside other cables and other buried services. When these buried services are close together, the transmitter signal can easily couple to a nearby line and be present on that, as well as the target cable (or pipe). This is where the Null mode comes into the equation. An undistorted magnetic field is more or less round in shape, but if signal coupling to another nearby cable or pipe has occurred (and this is more likely with a higher frequency – the sort that are used more for Telstra locates), the magnetic field will be distorted – in other words it is no longer round but an elongated shape, due to the signal being coupled onto more than one cable or other buried utility, as in the example here:

If peak mode was used here, there would most probably be a maximum response which would not correspond to the location of the target line. Changing the locator to Null mode can verify whether the signal is distorted. If the null response and peak response locations match, then it can be assumed that the signal is undistorted and that the locate is precise. If on the other hand, the null point (minimum response) does not match the location of the peak response, then the chances are that the EMF around the cable is distorted, most likely by the presence of another cable or buried service in the vicinity. One thing to note is that some of the available locators, such as the RD7100SL or the RD7100DL and the RD7000+DLM have a combined peak and null mode. This is not acceptable, as the modes MUST BE SEPARATE. What is noticeable right now is that a lot of the required functions are conducive to more difficult locates, particularly in dense infrastructure, which is becoming more common. As buried services become more congested, it is essential that accredited locators have equipment which has suitable functionality to work in modern infrastructure.

In addition to the above requirements, any underground service locator is required to have automatic gain, which must also be able to be disabled as the need arises. Automatic gain is a function designed to allow the locator to adjust it’s signal response in order to keep it on the target line. In guidance mode, the Radiodetection RD7100, RD8100 as well as some of the RD7000+ and RD8000 marker models are able to continually adjust their sensitivity. In a nutshell what this automatic gain does is prevents the operator from having to continually make manual adjustments, due to changes in the target line, such as changes in depth, or high resistance joints. In automatic gain mode, or guidance mode, the locator automatically adjusts the gain, or sensitivity in order to keep the locator on the target line, with no input or manual control from the operator. Of course there are times, such as checking a peak and null point where the automatic gain needs to be disabled and the operator needs manual control of the receiver, so changing mode out of guidance mode switches off the automatic gain function and returns the locator back to manual control. Guidance mode is fast and easy to use, but when there are changes in a buried cable or pipe, it is not always practical to have automatic control of the locator, hence the requirement to have the option of manual control.

Any locator being used to gain Telstra Accredited Plant Locator status, via the Dial Before You Dig practical assessment needs to be able to display current measurement. The reason for this is quite simple. For example, imagine you are doing a locate and you have a few buried services in the vicinity. Current measurement is used to confirm that the signal you are tracing is from the target line (in other words the buried cable or pipe that you are applying the signal to). Sometimes it is possible to be following an induced signal, which is not the one from the transmitter connected to your buried service, but instead is a signal which has coupled onto a nearby service by jumping off the original line. To overcome this, and more to the point to confirm that the trace being followed is the correct one, precision locators are able to measure current, such as the Radiodetection RD7100 series, RD8100 range as well as the RD7000+ and RD8000 marker ball models.

Suppose you were performing a locate, and there were three buried cables or services being picked up by the locator. How would you know which one was the cable to which the signal is being applied, as the other two of them are unwantedly coupling the signal to them (it is jumping off the target line) Nearly everyone who gets asked this question will invariably assume that the target line is the one with the strongest response, but what if the strongest response is simply due to the buried service being shallower than the target line – it would exhibit a stronger response. This is why precision locators measure current, because the target line that you are locating will always be the one with the highest current flowing through it. Regardless of signal strength. The cheaper underground service locators, such as the Radiodetection C.A.T4+ and the RD2000 do not have this current measurement, so will not be up to the standard required for the equipment.

As far as the underground service locator goes, the last thing on the list of requirements, and the one thing that narrows the suitable service locators right down to a much narrower range of equipment is the fact that a transponder is required. The main purpose of a transponder is to locate something known as RF marker balls. There are nine different frequencies of marker balls which are universally available, and for Telstra purposes, the telecoms marker balls operate at 101.4kHz, however, the latest equipment list states that the locator should be able to locate “all frequencies”. All of the Radiodetection Marker Locators have the ability to locate all frequencies of marker balls. We did hear stories of some utility providers using different frequency marker balls, but regardless of this the Radiodetection Marker Models can locate all frequencies of marker balls.

The marker locators have a pull down loop antenna, which sits in the up position, against the main body of the service locator. With the transponder antenna in this position, the locator works just the same as any standard underground service locator would. When you pull down the transponder, the locator can be set to either go into marker ball mode, or combined mode where it works as a combination marker ball and standard service locator. Push the transponder loop back up into it’s folded position, and the locator just functions as a standard service locator again.

So in conclusion to the requirements for a cable and pipe locator, the above requirements must be met, for candidates undertaking their practical assessment to be signed off as competent in order to gain accreditation. There are a small number of underground locators which will meet all requirements, and they are as follows:

Radiodetection RD7000+ PLM

Radiodetection RD7000+ TLM

Radiodetection RD8000 PXLM

Radiodetection RD8000 PDLM

Radiodetection RD8000 PTLM

These 5 service locators are the only ones to have a minimum of 2 frequencies (preferably 3). All have 5 or more. The above all have separate peak and null locate modes (the lower end of the RD7000+ markers only have combined peak and null mode which is not acceptable). All of the above have automatic gain (which can be disabled), current measurement and a transponder. If it was not for the transponder requirement, the RD7100 and RD8100 could be used. Technically they still could be, but a separate transponder would have to be sourced, which usually would involve a higher cost than the ones built into the Radiodetection Marker Locators.

Once you have the correct underground service and utility locator, then there are a few other things on the list, which you need to have, mainly for personal safety, such as a 4 gas confined space detector. This is not a sniffer, which is used for combustible gas leaks, but it is a detector which has to detect Oxygen (O2), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) and Combustible Gas Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) in %. As well as this and protective clothing, you will need lid lifters and safety barriers etc. Dial Before You Dig have a published list.

The final thing related to the underground cable and pipe locator, that is required is duct rodding equipment and a sonde. This is used for pushing up plastic conduits, and the sonde (sometimes called a mouse) sits on the end of the duct rod, allowing non-metallic services to be located. These rods are available in various thicknesses with 6mm being the most popular, but you can also get 4.5mm ones and 9mm ones. However, the recommendation would be to use the Radiodetection FlexiTace if possible, which is a powered rod. You attach the signal transmitter to is and it applies a trace signal up the whole of the rod, making it easier to follow the signal right from the source. With the non-powered rods, only the sonde emits a signal, making the locate more difficult. Although the FlexiTrace is more expensive, the time it saves is generally well worth the extra investment. These are available in a 50 metre or 80 metre length, supplied on a purpose built frame.

As for the Sonde, the standard 33kHz sonde is the cheapest option, but does have some drawbacks. Firstly, it’s almost 40mm in diameter, which is quite large. Secondly, it’s 33kHz signal will be no good in cast iron, as the cast iron screens or masks the signal. For tracing in cast iron, one of the 512Hz sondes is usually recommended, as it can be located far more easily. Also the 512Hx signal is less likely to couple onto nearby services. The S13 Sonde is the most popular, as although it is around $200 more than the standard sonde, it is much smaller, at around 12mm in diameter, so as a result will fit into conduits and ducts far more easily.

Obviously all of the above considerations only really are worthwhile considering if you are intending to apply for Dial Before You Dig Accreditation with a view to gaining Telstra Plant Locator Accreditation. However, in saying that, due care and attention should still be given to selecting the right service locator, whether applying for accreditation or not. The cable avoidance tools, such as the Radiodetction C.A.T4+ and Genny4 and the Radiodetction RD2000 have their place and are very popular for basic asset location. They are also simple and easy to use with fewer settings than the more advanced underground service locators. Whilst they give an indication of the presence of buried services and utilities, they lack the precision features of the more expensive locators, and therefore are not always as effective, especially if you need to do a precision locate. The RD2000 is available in three different kits (one for power and two for telecoms, each with three active frequencies).

With the precision locators, the RD7100 and RD8100 are the two ranges which are the most popular. The Marker Locators are typically supplied to customers who may be applying for Telstra accreditation or Dial Before You Dig accreditation. For contractors wanting a precision locator, but not intending to undergo assessment for Telstra accreditation, the RD7100 and RD8100 service locators represent an excellent choice in equipment.

As a minimum requirement, I would normally recommend that if performing professional locates, and by that I mean beyond the scope of basic asset locates, then the chosen underground service locator should have:

1. A suitable number of frequencies (a mix of low, medium and high between 512Hz and 65kHz of higher)
2. Peak and Null modes in order to check distortion of the signal
3. Current Measurement – to confirm that the target line is being followed
4. Automatic Gain is useful for quickly following buried services, which may change depth
5. Simple and easy to use
6. Ease of servicing. Preferably within Australia via the supplying distributor
7. Ability of the distributor to provide training and support on the equipment

Frequencies, or more to the point a variety of frequencies are more or less essential because they have different characteristics. A high frequency is easier to apply by various methods, but due to capacitance in the soil, which surrounds the buried cable or pipe, a high frequency signal also bleeds into the soil more easily, so travels over shorter distances than a low frequency locate signal. On the other hand, a low frequency signal is harder to apply (anything less than 8kHz can usually only be applied via direct connection – signal clamping or induction will not work). A lower frequency signal such as 512Hz or 640Hz though can travel much longer distances, because it is less affected by the capacitance in the soil, so these low frequency signals lend themselves well to longer distance locates.

In situations where you may be tracing something, such as a small diameter twisted pair cable, such as a phone line, the soil may need to allow the signal to return as the ground, especially where the cable is not earthed at the far end. Most power cables will be earthed at both ends, so these don’t pose the same problems. For instances where that cable is not earthed, then to use the soil as the ground, a higher frequency is usually used, as they travel more readily into the soil to complete the flow of signal current. The problem with this is that when locating something that is longer, and using a higher frequency signal, a sufficiently long enough locate may not be possible. To overcome this, Radiodetection transmitters for the RD7100, RD8100 and RD7000+ and RD8000+ locators are available in a higher 5-watt and a 10-watt version, both with a higher voltage output, which allows more current to be pushed into the target line, and therefore allowing the signal to flow further before completely decaying. For this reason, when supplying any of the underground service locator kits, we generally tend to recommend the higher power 5-watt and 10-watt transmitters. The RD2000 and C.A.T4+ use different transmitters which, at 1 watt maximum are less powerful, but as mentioned on a number of occasions in this article, they are good for basic asset location.

As far as the precision locators go, there are differences between each of them, but to detail the exact differences would make this article very long and drawn out. Basically the RD7000+PLM and TLM plus all of the RD8000 Marker Locators are compliant with Telstra’s requirements. The RD8000 has more frequencies than the RD7000+, plus optional GPS, Bluetooth (for remote control of the transmitter) and current direction (for which the 10-watt transmitter must be used). The RD7100 and RD8100 have similar differences, and then within each of those ranges there are 3 or 4 models. Each one of these models is optimized for a different industry. As an example, in the RD7100 series the DL has multiple sonde frequencies, so is good for drainage and plumbing contractors who need to locate various pipes. The PL is more geared towards power and electrical with certain functions such as power filters for more precise locating of live power cables, and depth in power mode which allows depth readings to be displayed when tracing live cables without applying a signal, and the TL is aimed at the telecoms market as it has 2 very high frequencies and more sonde frequencies (for tracing plastic ducts in congested infrastructure), but with the TL you lose depth in power mode and the power filters.

The RD8100 has three models, the most popular being the PDL version as it has quite a few frequencies, current direction, Bluetooth, power filters, depth in power mode to name a few.

My personal choice for non-Telstra accreditation customers would be either the 5-watt or 10-watt kit of the RD7100PL or the RD8100PDL. Both can be specified with GPS and usage logging if required.

For the Telstra Accreditation customers, the most popular are the 5-watt and 10-watt kit versions of the RD7000+PLM and the RD8000PDLM, but ultimately the choice is made by each individual customer, based on their requirements, and budget.

We do a fair amount of training for customers on the Radiodetection range of service locators, but can advise on generic location techniques if necessary. All underground service locators supplied by us here are fully backed up with our expert knowledge and support, so by all means feel free to give us a call or email if you would like some further assistance .

A decent moisture meter will range in price from around $200 to over $1,000 which is very much dependent of the features and the technology available. Something like the FLIR MR160, even 3-4 years ago, would have been unthinkable. With it’s built in infrared guidance technology, which works in a similar way to a thermal imaging camera, the FLIR MR160 has only been made possible due to the extensive development of the smaller Lepton IR sensor which makes the most up to date thermal imaging cameras and associated equipment, smaller than ever before.

However, the main question which still arises when a potential customer asks us about a moisture meter is whether a moisture meter with pins, or a pinless moisture meter is more suitable, and the answer to this question still is very much reliant on the potential application of the meter.

First of all though, it is necessary to understand the differences between the technology and how it works.

The traditional moisture meter with pins is based on the fact that a small electric current is passed from the end of one pin and into the material being measured. At different levels of moisture content, the resistance of the material changes and therefore has an effect on the passage of current from the end of one electrode tip to the tip of the other electrode, which completes the circuit. Different material groups have what are known as moisture curves, which simply put mean that one material at a certain level of conductivity will contain a certain percentage by weight of moisture. Another material, at the same conductivity may contain a different amount of moisture, and so the more material groups that are selectable in the moisture meter, the more precise it will be when used on different wood or building materials. The Testrite T-250 contains a large number of material groups. Cheaper moisture meters generally utilize the pin method and may have only one selector switch for building and timber for just very generalised readings.

A pinless or non-destructive moisture meter works by passing an electromagnetic field into the material being measured and detecting differences in this field which are caused by moisture content. The main benefit of using a pinless moisture meter is speed, as a pinless meter can scan larger areas much faster than a pin moisture meter. Additionally, the pinless moisture meter does not leave any pin marks or holes behind, so for some applications, a pinless meter would be the only choice possible, especially where cosmetic damage cannot be left behind. Some of the pinless moisture meters, such as the Caisson VI-D4 have a large footprint and so can read moisture in a much larger cross sectional area. Other meters, such as the Caisson GM-200 have a small spherical sensor, and read moisture in a much smaller area as only a very small surface area is in contact with the material being tested. Pinless moisture meters also read to a depth of typically up to 40mm, whereas the pin moisture meters read a small path directly between the two pins or electrodes.

There are many materials which can be measured with a pinless moisture meter as they use a relative mode of measurement. This means that essentially they are used by comparing an area of normal moisture content, with an area of suspected moisture content. The 0-100% found in some of the cheaper moisture meters is not related to the weight of moisture in percent but rather to the meter’s dynamic scale. Some of these pinless moisture meters, for example the Caisson VI-D4 and Caisson GM-200 have scales loaded into their operating system, so even in pinless mode, they can display the moisture content of certain materials as weight by percent.

In conclusion, a pin moisture meter will give a reading over a very small area (between the pins) so if an exact reading at an exact spot is required, then a pin moisture meter, such as the Testrite T-250 will suit the application better. If a non-destructive reading is required – without leaving any damage behind, then a pinless moisture meter is the obvious choice. Also it is worth bearing in mind that a pinless moisture meter can read to a certain depth as well, but the reading will be over a larger surface area than the pin moisture meter, but to balance that out, they are faster and the reading is far simpler to obtain. With pinless moisture meters, they can also be affected by metal objects, such as a nail or a metallic object in the wall, which will cause the reading to falsely spike. Overall though this is a fairly small issue and one we don’t really encounter very often at all.

With so many test and tag machines available, all professing to be the best in class, we thought that we would shed some light on this matter. Make no mistake, test and tag is a big thing in Australia and New Zealand with Australian Standards, mainly AS/NZS3760 setting out the requirements for how it is performed to best practice. Test and tag machines, sometimes called Portable Appliance Testers, or PAT Testers in different parts of the world should always meet the relevant Australian Standards, and be capable of performing tests to AS/NZS3760.

With so many test and tag units out there, the choice can appear overwhelming, but as long as you stick to the basics, it is actually far simpler than it appears. Usually, the more expensive the test and tag machine is, the more automation is available. The lower cost units are generally straightforward devices, primarily designed for testing a limited number of items, with the more expensive units complete with printer and scanner, designed for larger volume testing and made to minimize the time taken by allowing the user to test, tag and print on site.

When considering an investment in a test and tag machine, the following considerations should be made:

1. Volume of equipment – Large volumes can take a considerable time
2. Cost – not only the initial investment, but the cost per test and tag (including the tag)
3. Functionality and the ability to test to the most up to date and relevant standards
4. Ease of ongoing service and calibration
5. Ease of obtaining consumables – Essential for the test and tag machines with printer
6. Ease of use – If the test and tag machine is not user friendly, testing will take far longer

If you are likely to be test and tagging larger volumes of equipment, then a test and tag machine with printer and scanner is likely to save you heaps of time and money in the long run. Something like the TnP-500 is ideal for larger volume test and tag on appliances rated up to 10A current, which covers everything that can be plugged into a standard socket outlet. The TnP-500 is available in standard format with printer, scanner, keyboard and asset management software in a single unit, and is also available as the TnP-500W with a wireless scanner, although this option costs slightly more than the wired scanner which has a 1.8 metre cable.

The whole process of testing with any of the TnT Test and Print Units is actually very simple, considering the powerful interface contained within them. Everything is in a very simple menu system with no more than 4 buttons – 3 to select menu items on the screen and the fourth button to enter or start the test.

For those customers who may be migrating from a different system or brand, or even those who are purchasing a test and tag machine for the first time, it is a simple matter to take an asset list and using the included import utility, a CSV file can be imported into the software and a database easily created. With the appliance list in the software program, it can be uploaded into the machine in one click and it’s ready to go.

As soon as the test and tag machine is switched on, the user can search for the appliance either by typing in the number from the keyboard or scanning the barcode, if a tag is already there. If it’s a new appliance then the details can be entered as easily as sitting at a computer with plenty of information, such as model, make, serial number, asset number, location, description and test frequency. All of these values are very easy to edit and input giving the user an immense amount of flexibility. Up to 16 sites and 5,000 items can be stored in the TnP-500 memory, which can be optionally upgraded to hold 20,000 items, but most customers just choose to split their testing over different databases and upload the correct one before going out to test, in order to keep everything separate.

Once the testing is done, the results are simply downloaded to a PC running the software program and an equipment summary report with company logo can be saved and/or printed to serve as the log book, hence saving loads of time and repetition as a manual log book does not need to be kept. On top of this, it reduces any errors or mistakes caused by forgetting to enter test details, as the machine does it all automatically. The software program itself has a straightforward interface and can be configured, so that all appliances can even have their own tests automatically assigned. Reminders of test due dates are built into the program, making it a full asset management system, rather than just a test and tag machine and printer.

As for the testing itself, it could not be easier. With the appliance connected to the unit, the user simply selects the appliance type (Class 1, Class 2 or Extension Lead) and hits the Enter button for 2 seconds and follows the prompts. The machine automatically does the test, and displays the result plus whether it is a pass or fail, which is set to AS/NZS3760 standards. If the appliance is not correctly connected, the TnP-500 will not allow the test to proceed. As well as the standard test and tag tests, the Test and Print Units can also test RCD operation (ramp current and trip time) and can perform a current leakage test, also known as a load test. The TnP-500 performs the load test on appliances up to 10A, and the TnP-500X performs load tests on appliances rated up to 20A. Load testing involves the appliance being powered on by the test and tag machine and current being measured. There are limits on current leakage imposed by AS/NZS3760, so the portable appliance tester measures this leakage to make sure it is within the prescribed limits. Many of the cheaper units, mainly the hand held battery powered devices, cannot handle these sorts of currents passing through and therefore are not all suitable for correct leakage testing.

Once the test is complete, the tag printer automatically prints out a customized test tag, which the customer can have complete with their logo and details ready to fix onto the tested appliance. For appliances which may just require a visual check only, the Test and Print Units can easily print out a test tag, which is achieved by the user just holding down enter for 2 seconds from the test screen, and following the prompt to pass or fail the item.

Typically these appliance testers cut down the time taken to test and tag by up to 80%, and the consumables cost a fraction of the cost of pre-printed test tags. If you are testing volume, say over 500 appliances, it really starts to make sense to look at one of these PAT testers because although the initial investment is higher, the running costs and efficiency of testing overwhelms this. Coupled with this, the TnP-500, TnP-500X, TnP-500W, TnP-500WX and even the TnP-500PH are all very safe units to use. Each of them has internal circuitry which prevents dangerous voltages from flowing through sensitive electronic components, such as circuit boards.

One of the unique features of all TnT PAT testers, including the Test and Print Units is the in built meter mode, which can be activated by pressing one single button. This allows the screen on the test and tag machine to function almost like a multimeter and show voltage, current, apparent and active power flowing into the device, which is a useful function to have if something may be tripping a switch or overheating for example.

The entire test and tag unit, and the printer, barcode scanner and keyboard are housed in an impact resistant ABS case, designed for field use and easy transport. Opening the case allows the PAT tester to feel like a small control console with all features laid out in front of the operator.

For high volume test and tag we don’t feel that there is a better unit. The whole of the TnT test and tag machine range is designed and built in Australia, specifically for use to Australian Standards. It will save you time and effort in high volume test and tag, whether it be a single client or multiple clients.

Please contact us if you require further advice or assistance. Our staff are experts in the field of test and measurement with years of experience in testing and inspection. We can configure these machines for you, complete with your company logo at no extra cost. Any of our test and tag machines with printer and scanner can be purchased either online at www.test-equipment.com.au , or by calling us on 1800 837 837 with your requirements. We offer full product support and assistance on all test and print units.

Infrared Resolution:

This is the most widely known feature of most infrared cameras, and is the most discussed element of the infrared camera specification. Usually, this is expressed as 2 numbers multiplied by each other. For example, the FLIR E6 has an infrared resolution of 160 x 120 which means there are 160 pixels (or temperature measurements) horizontally, and 120 pixels vertically. Multiply the numbers together and that gives the number of pixels in the infrared thermal image, so 160 x 120 = 19,200 pixels. Each one of these pixels represents a single measurement, so the more infrared pixels there are, the better the image quality will be, and the smaller area of temperature can be measured.

Entry level infrared cameras, such as the FLIR E4, or the FLIR C2 have an infrared resolution of 80 x 60 pixels, which means that you have a resolution of 4,800 pixels (80 pixels horizontally, multiplied by 60 pixels horizontally. These infrared imaging cameras are generally at the cheaper end of the market, close to around $1,000 to $1,500 and are designed for entry level use. Take a look at the image of the dog taken with a lower resolution camera, the FLIR C2 at an infrared resolution of 80 x 60 pixels:

This image is taken in a higher contrast palette, known as Rainbow HC. If we take it in a lower contrast palette, such as Iron, which is familiar to many infrared thermal camera users, this is what you get:

There is enough detail to see what the subject of the image is, and to get a general idea of temperature, but finer details and intricate temperature gradients and details cannot be seen.

The FLIR E5 infrared camera offers increased resolution over the FLIR E4, and even though it still is a lower end IR camera, it’s resolution, at 120 x 90 pixels =10,800 pixels or just over double the resolution of the FLIR E4 and the FLIR C2 infrared cameras. More pixels equals a better image because in the same field of view, there are more than twice as many pixels. If measuring something like for like – take the dog in the above FLIR C2 image, then the temperature gradients and level of detail will be superior.

At the top of the FLIR Ex series range, we get infrared resolution of 320 x 240 pixels, so multiplying these numbers together gives 76,800 pixels, which is FOUR times as many as the FLIR E6, eight times as many as the FLIR E5, and sixteen times more than the FLIR E4 or FLIR C2. Looking at the below infrared image of the same dog, it becomes very quickly apparent what a difference the increased resolution makes to the infrared camera:

With a 320 x 240 infrared resolution, the dog now has far more temperature gradients and differences highlighted in the image taken with the FLIR E8, even in a lower contract iron palette, note that the image is far sharper and more detailed than the ones taken with the lower series infrared camera:

The most expensive infrared cameras which are readily available can have infrared resolutions of up to 640 x 480 = 307,200 which is four times more pixels than the 320 x 240 pixel cameras. The FLIR T620 and FLIR T640 would be examples of this infrared camera, and these product the best infrared images. See the same dog, but this time imaged at a 640 x 480 resolution:

The amount of detail in this image is far greater than even the 320 x 240 infrared cameras such as the FLIR E8 and the FLIR E60, and this is what higher infrared resolution can achieve. One of the most common questions is based around the difference between different infrared cameras with different resolution and the examples above aim to answer that question to an extent. The principle of how all of the IR cameras in the FLIR range is similar, but the resolution and thermal sensitivity are the things (other than functionality) that change.

Thermal Sensitivity:

Of the things related to infrared imaging cameras, thermal sensitivity is the one thing which is poorly understood. Most customers look at it and don’t fully understand it. Some infrared camera manufacturers refer to this as NETD (noise equivalent temperature difference), and it is a value which is usually expressed in mK (or millikelvin). A Kelvin is equivalent to one degree Celsius, the difference between them being that the scales are different. Zero degrees Kelvin or absolute zero is -273 degrees Celsius (-273.15 degrees Celsius to be exact), so zero degrees Celsius would be 273 degrees Kelvin. The important thing to remember is that one degree on both the Kelvin and the Celsius scales are the same. A millikelvin is equal to 1/1000th of a degree Kelvin or 1/1000th of a degree Celsius (as they are the same), so if an infrared camera has a thermal sensitivity of 100mK, that is the same thing as saying 0.01 degree C. This is the minimum temperature measurement that can be made by the detector. On the face of it, a value of 0.1 degrees C, or 0.15 degrees C or 0.05 degrees C would seem trivial to many prospective IR camera buyers, but there is far more to it than just the minimum temperature difference which the infrared camera can measure.

Take a look at the below images. The one on the left is taken with an infrared camera which has a thermal sensitivity of 200mK (0.02 degree Celsius), and the one on the right is taken at exactly the same infrared resolution, but with a thermal sensitivity of 100mK (0.01 degree Celsius):

Note that although the infrared resolution is the same, the image on the right is superior to the infrared image on the left, due to the fuzzy appearance of the left hand image. This is because of the difference in thermal sensitivity or NETD and becomes much more apparent on images with lower thermal contrast, or in other words applications where the temperature differences are not as great. Usually these applications tend to be building and pest but can be any industry at all. I have been out on site with electrical contractors and seen them have exactly the same problem with switchboards. With the image on the left, or when the thermal sensitivity of the infrared camera is not as good, this affects something known as the signal to noise ratio (SNR) which is what gives the image on the left it’s fuzzy appearance caused by thermal noise. With an infrared camera which has a better level of thermal sensitivity, the thermal noise is reduced, giving a better signal to noise ratio and delivering a smoother image.

It is easy to overlook this fact in favour of infrared resolution, but like most things infrared camera performance is related to more than just one thing. For example it may be tempting to purchase an infrared camera with the same resolution as another, but which is cheaper, and then realise that it has an inferior level of thermal sensitivity and delivers a poorer image than the more expensive unit.

Again, like infrared resolution, thermal sensitivity seems to get better as the infrared camera gets more expensive to an extent, although something like the FLIR E6 has a very good amount of thermal sensitivity for it’s cost. The entry level FLIR E4 has a thermal sensitivity of 150mK, as we go up through the range, this improves. For example, the FLIR E5 improves the level of thermal sensitivity by around 33% with a thermal sensitivity of 0.1 degree Celsius. For those users who may be using their infrared camera on applications where the temperature difference is smaller, then the FLIR E6 and FLIR E8 have the best thermal sensitivity in the more affordable FLIR Ex Series of 60mK, or in other words 0.06 degrees C. This extra thermal sensitivity, coupled with better infrared resolution will lend itself to thermal images with more detail and heightened finer details.

With the FLIR Exx Series, the thermal sensitivity once again starts at 70mK with the FLIR E40, and offers 50mK (0.05 degree Celsius) for the FLIR E50 and FLIR E60. However the BX versions of these infrared cameras cost exactly the same and offer even more sensitivity of 45mK for building and pest type applications. However, the temperature range in the BX versions is lower, with +150 degrees Celsius being the maximum temperature, as opposed to +650 degrees Celsius with the standard Exx series (FLIR E40, FLIR E50 and FLIR E60). The temperature range of the FLIR E4, FLIR E5, FLIR E6 and FLIR E8 allows measurements up to +250 degrees Celsius to me made.

So with that in mind, it is worth looking at both infrared resolution and thermal sensitivity together as both combine to aid the thermal image quality.

Field of View:

The field of view is the area measured through the lens, or in other words what is seen on the screen as a whole. This figure is usually expressed as an angle such as 25° x 19° which means that the horizontal view is 25 degrees and the vertical view is 19 degrees. Think of the infrared camera lens as the apex of a square pyramid and the sides radiating at angles from there. A wider field of view will have a much larger base than the narrow field of view, and therefore contain more objects but as always there is a drawback to this, and it is due to the fact that the amount of pixels remains the same, so the pixel size, which is something called spatial resolution will increase. Therefore the extra field of view will fit more in the image, but the infrared camera’s ability to measure smaller areas of temperature difference will be affected.

Take the FLIR E6 and the FLIR E40 as an example. Both of these IR cameras have the same infrared resolution of 160 x 120 pixels, but different fields of view. This has the effect, if we take a distance of 3 metres into account of the E6 having a pixel size of 15.45mm square, and the E40 pixel size will be 8.33mm square from the same distance. This is because the E40 has a much smaller field of view than the FLIR E6, but the SAME infrared resolution. On the other hand with the FLIR E40 from 3 metres, the field of view will be 1.33 metres x 1.00 metres, whereas the FLIR E6 field of view would be 2.47 metres x 1.85 metres. To make the FLIR E6 have the same field of view and pixel size as the FLIR E40, it is necessary to almost halve the distance to the object from the thermal camera. The FLIR Exx Series can utilize add on lenses to either increase the field of view to 45 degrees, or reduce it to 15 degrees, and the FLIR T-Series can be specified with a number of add on lenses.

Please feel free to call us on 1800 837 837 if you wish to discuss any elements of purchasing an infrared camera and speak to one of our qualified thermographers, who will be ideally placed to offer the best impartial advice.

Measuring the earth resistance is a time-consuming process. Taking measurements requires a lot of commitment from the staff responsible. It depends on the grounding structure, terrain and many other objective factors. Both physical and mental commitment is needed. It is necessary to measure the grounding accurately without omitting any element of the measuring procedure. Taking shortcuts may result in such big errors that the whole measurement will have no metrological importance. It is obvious that any device that simplifies or makes testing easier and can be used in this case is particularly desirable. Groundings, regardless of their properties, must be disconnected if they are a unit consisting of many air-termination systems in order to measure the resistance selectively. This is not necessary if we use clamps for fall of potential method. The time needed for the measurement is reduced significantly. We need to determine two factors if it is possible to take the measurement using the clamps. The factors are the electrical circuit of the grounding and its design. Let’s remind ourselves of the rules of earth resistance measurement with the fall of potential method in order to expand on the subject.  

 [1] Pic. 1. Principles of the fall of potential method

If we want to measure the earth resistance “E”, we must force the current to flow through it. To do this, an auxiliary test probe H has to be put into the ground at a certain distance from the grounding to be tested. This way the electrical circuit of our unit is created. Induced by the current supply in the meter, alternating current flows and electrical potentials are created around the grounding and the auxiliary test probe H. It happens when the alternating current flows in H circuit through the ground and the tested E grounding. A fall of voltage will occur because of a certain resistance of the tested grounding. It is enough to build a voltage circuit and measure the value of the voltage fall to determine the earth resistance. We use the second auxiliary test probe S. We put it into the ground between the tested grounding and the auxiliary current probe. The method of testing is illustrated in Pic. 1. It looks simple. We have to remember about a few necessary rules though. The test probe has to be far away enough so that the potential surrounding the measured grounding doesn’t overlap the potential of the auxiliary probe H. Voltage auxiliary probe S has to be placed in the area of zero potential. At this stage this is the first element related to the accuracy and time-consumption of measurements. One test doesn’t guarantee that the measurement is correct. At least two more tests are required in order to verify the accuracy of the measurement. It should be done by placing the voltage test probe a few meters closer to the tested grounding and then moving it closer to the auxiliary current probe. We can consider the measurement as the correct one only when three results of earth testing are the same or very close. This method is commonly used but the principles of how to use it are very often forgotten. In case of single groundings there are no practical problems when this method is applied. A pylon of medium-voltage line can be an example of a single earthing electrode.

[2] Pic. 2. Medium-voltage line pylon

It is a typical single grounding because groundings of line pylons aren’t connected to each other. The use of a method other than the one described above can cause nothing but measurement errors. Using clamps in such cases is forbidden. Let’s explain when the fall of potential method can be applied when clamps are used. If we take the measurement of the resistant unit determining individual resistance values for each air-termination system, we have to disconnect the measured part of the grounding from the whole system. It is possible to determine what current flows through the grounding element and how big the voltage fall is without disconnecting test-joints. It can be done using clamps. So it is exactly an earth resistance measurement with fall of potential method shown in pic. 1. The only difference is that we measure the current flowing through a single air-termination with clamps.

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[4] Pic. 3 Principles of ground resistance testing using clamps

The lightning conductor of the building is shown in picture 3. There are four air-termination systems connected to each other on the roof. The current, that we induce, flows through the whole circuit but clamps can measure the value in an individual element of the grounding system. Undoubtedly, it is a very convenient method. Unfortunately it can’t be used everywhere. The reason for this is the design of the clamps themselves. The clamps have specific dimensions. We must take into account the thickness and the angle of the clamps arms. We are not able to place them anywhere. It is difficult in newly built or modernized (insulated) houses. Construction companies cover the grounding installation with Styrofoam and install small inspection windows on test joints. It is difficult to put a hand inside or reasonably big clamps. This is the first limitation, the size of the inspection window. The second limitation is the electrical circuit of the grounding.

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Pic. 4 The grounding of a low-voltage pylon

A low-voltage line is shown in pic.4. The groundings of individual pylons are connected to each other with PEN cable. As we look at pic. 3, we may suppose it is enough to put clamps on a test joint and take the measurement. Unfortunately we can’t do this. The bonding conductor of the pylon is connected to its reinforcement. The concrete itself contains moisture. The water content of the concrete combined with the mineral salts present create an electrolyte conducting the electrical current. When we induce the flow of the current, it will appear in all the line. Clamps should measure the value of the current that flows through the grounding of the pylon. But there is also the current that flows through the pylon reinforcement and the current that flows through the concrete, which the pylon is made of. The latter one is minute but we have to remember about it. The meter will measure the value of the voltage drop for the sum of the currents flowing through the reinforcement, the concrete and the measured grounding. But the meter will measure current resistance only for the current measured with the clamps. If this is the case, a higher current than the one, which was measured, induces the voltage drop. As a result the obtained value of the earth resistance will be significantly higher than the standard parameters. It is not a problem when it comes to protection against electrocution. However, it might lead to an unnecessary modernization of the grounding that would incur additional costs. The grounding can be disassembled of course. Unfortunately it is forbidden in the case of live power lines. The safety regulations ban this kind of procedure. Shutting down the line is costly and troublesome. Even bigger problems are related to high-voltage lines. Crate pylons are large conducting elements themselves. It is impossible to use such clamps on them. Additionally air-terminations systems for crate pylons are connected to their surrounding rims. So the current flows in the metal rim. It makes it impossible to analyse the results of the measurement, which were taken only on the bonding conductor. Thus we would like to introduce to you, maybe not revolutionary but a groundbreaking method of measurement with clamps. Sonel Company designed flexible clamps and implemented them to the common use. They are significantly thinner and they are up to 5metres long. Clamps that have been used so far can’t have such a diameter. The new clamps work differently than the old ones. The new working method caused design changes to the input measurement circuits. Sonel doesn’t want to force customers to buy new meters. If the customers want to use this innovatory method, they can buy an intermediate module that works between the meter and the clamps. It is called Sonel ERP-1 adapter [6].

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Pic. 5 Flexible clamps (Rogowski coil) and an adapter Sonel ERP-1

Clients can use for testing, well known for them, flexible clamps type F, dedicated FS clamps (more sensitive) and customized FSX (highly sensitive used in extremely difficult conditions). Sonel ERP-1 [6] is sold with FS clamps 4 meters long as a standard offer. The adapter has the option to adjust the clamps. Pressing the chosen button does it and the choice is signaled by a led diode. Pressing another button, we select the number of coils that the measured grounding consists of. As an example we can use the situation shown in pic. 6 and pic. 4.).

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Pic.6 Correct measurement of low-voltage pylon grounding without disconnecting a test joint and ERP-1.

As it is shown in the picture, surrounding the whole pylon and the grounding with clamps enables us to measure all current flowing in the circuit to the ground. The result of the measurement will be correct then. The difficulty that appeared earlier in such situation, doesn’t matter any longer. It was directly related to the electrical properties of the circuit. Spun concrete pylons are used more often nowadays. Double spun concrete poles are also used, e.g for 20/04 stations. It used to be very difficult to measure the earth resistance for such a construction. Using the flexible clamps and Sonel ERP-1 adapter [6], it is no longer difficult.

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Pic. 7 Measurement for spun concrete poles.

Using clamps, we can surround two poles at the same time. We don’t have to worry if the two groundings are connected underground. The clamps measure the total value of the current flowing through the groundings. Testing on crate pylons is a much more complicated matter. The solution offered by Sonel may become a groundbreaking one. It enables the tester to use the fall of potential method without the need to disconnect the high-voltage line. Using Sonel MRU-200 [11] and Sonel ERP-1 [6] it is possible to diagnose the grounding of crate pylons. It hasn’t previously been possible when the single clamps were used (on live power line). The rules of the measurement regard the fall of potential method. The procedure slightly differs.  

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Pic. 8 Measurement of the crate pylon grounding.

We surround the whole leg of the pylon when testing. It is possible to make more than one coil to achieve more accurate result. We choose the testing procedure by selecting Sonel ERP-1 [6] module on an operating unit. Then we select the number of legs that the pylon has got (1,2,3 or 4). We start the measurement after connecting the meter. We must remember that when we change the position of clamps, we must also change the position of the test joint that induces flow of current E. The meter will show on its display earth resistance for the whole pylon after completing the series of tests. Automatic procedure of calculating earth resistance for a crate pylon is available only on MRU-200. It should be emphasized that the meter checks the direction of the current for an individual test. That’s why the clamps must be joined in the same direction every time a test is taken. The meter can recognize damage such as physical break-down (or total corrosion) of the bonding connector connected to the bonding ring of such a pylon. This function of the meter in unique and no other meter available on the market offers it.

FLIR E5

First up, the FLIR E5 is the entry level thermal imaging camera, offering a no-frills point and shoot system, focused on ease of use and low cost, which tends to suit those users looking for something just to get started. With resolution of 120 x 90 pixels, the E5 is capable of turning in a no-nonsense performance, but nevertheless is capable of measuring 10,800 points and does have a simple built in digital camera for capturing both infrared and visual images for reporting purposes. One pull of the trigger saves both the infrared image and the visual image together for easy import into the FLIR Tools software, which is supplied as standard with all FLIR cameras for image analysis and reporting.

One thing we did like about the E5 is the rubberised housing which gives the unit a robust, armoured feel, and as FLIR claim the unit has been drop tested to withstand drops of up to 2 metres, the FLIR E5 does appear to have been built to withstand harsher environments. As well as this, the E5 is supplied in a modern looking hard field case, with all the internal nooks to hold the camera, the power leads and up to 2 batteries and a desktop charger. As standard though, the E5 is supplied with just 1 rechargeable battery, which FLIR claim gives an operating time of up to 4 hours and on our test, we managed to get close to that value.

FLIR have added a much simplified menu system to their thermal imaging cameras, and this also includes the E5. A central control button is surrounded by a four way keypad to navigate through the menu, and the display is bright and clear. Although the FLIR E5 does not have a touch screen, this will not bother many users looking in this price range. Connecting to a PC to download the images has been made extremely easy – it’s just a case of connecting the USB cable and following the instructions on screen to download the images, which can be manipulated and analysed. Just a few clicks later, a customised report can be generated for emailing, or printing.

What we liked most:
Ease of use, robust and feels like a quality product, MSX image enhancement, price, hard transport case

What we didn’t like:
Resolution is a little lacking for detailed work, but OK for general thermal imaging, visual camera could do with some LED lights to make images taken in dark switchboards and building areas better, has a tendency to produce slightly fuzzy images on small temperature differentials

FLIR E6

Stepping up a stage from the E5, the FLIR E6 improves the performance by adding both extra resolution, with a 160 x 120 infrared detector (19,200 pixels) and a better level of sensitivity. Having almost twice as much resolution as the E5, the FLIR E6 is effectively able to measure smaller “temperature spots” from the same distance. It has the same field of view as all of the FLIR Ex Series, including the E4, E5 and E8. The FLIR E6 also boasts an excellent level of thermal sensitivity for a thermal imaging camera in it’s price range. Not to be confused with resolution, the thermal sensitivity is a measure of the minimum temperature difference that can be measured with the camera. Thermographers express this figure in milli-kelvin (mK) and the FLIR E6 has a 60mK (or 0.06°C) level of sensitivity, which is significantly better than the FLIR E5 at 100mK (0.1°C). As well as adding depth to the image (as there are more gradients) the better sensitivity improves the signal to noise ratio of the thermal imaging camera, and delivers a smoother, less fuzzy image which is particularly apparent where there is a lower level of thermal contrast, or in other words, where the difference between the coldest and warmest part of the image is not large. Therefore, the E6 tends to be popular with the building and pest industry, as users looking for moisture, termites, and building problems are on the whole, looking at applications with smaller temperature differences.

At the same resolution, a better thermal sensitivity will improve the thermal image, as the fuzziness of the image is reduced or eliminated, as can be seen in the 2 images below. The image on the left is taken at a 200mK (0.2°C) sensitivity, and the image on the right at 100mK (0.1°C).

The E6 has all the features of the E5 and cosmetically is the same size and weight. However there are a couple of additional usability features with the E6, and the E8 for that matter, which can add to the functionality of the camera. One of these features is manual span adjustment, which gives the user control over the thermal contrast of the image by allowing the temperature range of the image to be manually controlled, which is really good for bringing out subtle differences. In the two images here, the one on the left has not been adjusted, whereas the one on the right has been optimised by manually changing the temperature span of the thermal image, to highlight subtle, finer temperature differences:

Having some additional measurement functions on the FLIR E6, adds some further usability to the measurement data. With the E6, and for that matter, the E8 you also have the option to select a red above and a blue below measurement tool. What this does is, instead of having a spot with a temperature display, or box with auto hot/cold spot, displays an image in black and white, and allows the user to set a threshold temperature. Anything that is warmer than the selected temperature is shown as red, or if looking for cooler areas, which is really useful for moisture detection, you can display these areas as blue patches.

What we liked most:
Excellent thermal sensitivity for a point and shoot camera – delivers improved image quality for building and pest work, as well as more sensitive electrical work, MSX image enhancement, quality built thermal imaging camera, easy to use

What we didn’t like:
Wide angle field of view is good for getting a lot in the image, but not as good for detailed measurements from longer distances. Focus free leaves the user without the ability to control the focus of the image. A second battery would be useful.

FLIR E8

The flagship thermal imaging camera in the FLIR Ex Series is the E8. Offering excellent resolution of 320 x 240 resolution for a point and shoot camera, the FLIR E8 will appeal to those users looking to get the best image quality, while keeping the equipment simple to operate.

In many ways, the FLIR E8 is similar to the FLIR E6. After all, it is the same size, the same weight, looks identical (apart from the model number on the back). However, the E8 is supplied with an extra re-chargeable battery, giving you 2 batteries in total and a desktop charger. This makes it possible to have both batteries on charge at the same time (one in the thermal imager and one in the desktop charger), or the batteries can just be charged in the desktop charger without having to get the thermal imaging camera out and connect it to the mains or a computer. Having the second battery, we found useful for those users who may travel to various sites, and want the knowledge that they always have a charged battery ready to go. With the 2 batteries, it should in theory be possible to get up to 8 hours of continuous use, which should be more than adequate.

Apart from the cosmetic side of things, the FLIR E8 is a major step up from the E5 and E6. While it’s thermal sensitivity is the same as the FLIR E6 at 0.06°C (60mK), it’s infrared resolution is four times higher. The 320 x 240 resolution is able to deliver 76,800 temperature spot measurements in the same field of view as the FLIR E6, making the E8 capable of measuring hot or cold spots with 4 times less surface area than the FLIR E6.

Looking at the images on the display of both the FLIR E6 and the FLIR E8, there is some difference, but it doesn’t appear to be as significant as perhaps would be expected with the price difference. However what most users overlook is the fact that the LCD display has a 320 x 240 screen, so the images will look much closer to each other than will be achieved when they are downloaded to a PC. When the infrared images from a thermal imaging camera are imported into the FLIR Tools software, you see them in real resolution, and this is when the differences in image quality become more apparent between models with different resolutions and thermal sensitivities.

All in all the FLIR E8 is one of the more popular thermal imaging cameras, and with a very simple to use device, giving this sort of resolution, it is easy to see why it is such a popular choice with electrical contractors, plumbers, building and pest inspectors and a wide range of other applications and industries. The MSX image enhancement, coupled with the extra resolution gives a powerful infrared thermal imaging camera, which is both easy to use and still has a nice robust feel about it.

What we liked most:
Excellent, best in class infrared resolution, FLIR’s patented MSX image enhancement technology, the fact that you get two rechargeable batteries and a desktop charger. The FLIR E8 is as simple to use as all of the FLIR Ex Series thermal imaging cameras. Only one charging and USB port makes connecting to a computer and re-charging very simple. With a built in memory, SD cards are a thing of the past.

What we didn’t like:
Although the resolution is 320 x 240 pixels which is the same as the E60 costing twice as much, the field of view is also much larger than the E60’s so to measure the same size hot or cold spot as the E60, the operator would have to halve their distance from the object. Focus free loses some of the finer user control of the thermal image.

FLIR E60

Taking a step up from the FLIR Ex series to the FLIR Exx series is a jump both technically as well as financially. The Exx series offers more advanced features than the Ex series, including manual focus, touchscreen control, higher quality optics and extra connectivity options to name a few. The Exx series also has a smaller field of view than the FLIR Ex series and is suited for more detailed work, plus these higher series cameras can also be matched with add on lenses which can narrow or widen the field of view for far more versatility in the field.

The FLIR E60 is the top of the Exx series range, with more resolution than the other two cameras (the E50 and E40) and on the whole tends to be popular with users who may already have some knowledge and experience of thermal imaging. Available in both the standard version, and the BX version, which is aimed at building and pest inspectors, we chose to review the standard version. The BX version looks and feels exactly the same, but has a reduced temperature range and a slightly better level of thermal sensitivity, although not much at all. The standard FLIR E60 still has an impressive 50mK (0.05°C) level of thermal sensitivity. The E60, and for that matter the E40 and E50 can measure temperature up to +650°C. The BX version loses the higher temperature range so is restricted to a maximum of +120°C, but with a 45mK (0.045°C thermal sensitivity).

The first thing that you notice about the FLIR E60, if you have been used to one of the lower series units, is it is bigger and heavier than the FLIR Ex series cameras. This gives it a high quality feel straight away as it just feels like a quality thermal imaging camera, and the larger touchscreen makes it simple to use. Like most of their thermal imaging cameras, FLIR have given the E60 the same central “Enter/Select” button surrounded by a four way keypad for speed and simplicity when navigating around the menus, which have also been simplified for a better user experience. Other inclusions added to the FLIR E60 are MSX (multi spectral dynamic) image enhancement and auto image orientation. This will appeal to electrical contractors, as one of the shortcomings of the “pre-facelift” E60 was that imaging tall switchboards was difficult as the image had to be in landscape mode. Now if the thermal imaging camera is turned on it’s side, the infrared image will automatically orientate itself into portrait mode.

The FLIR E60, like all FLIR thermal imaging cameras is supplied in a nice hard transport case with all the inserts to hold the thermal imaging camera, plus a load of accessories. As well as just the E60, you get two rechargeable batteries, a twin bay desktop charger, which we liked a lot as it gives the opportunity to charge both batteries at the same time. On top of this you get a USB cable, charger plugs with multi plug adapters, which is useful if you travel, and video cables as well as an SD card, plus the FLIR Tools software and extended warranty. All FLIR thermal imaging cameras carry an industry exclusive 2/10 warranty, which means that as well as the standard 2 year warranty on the thermal imaging camera for parts and labour, FLIR also give a 10 year warranty on the most expensive and essential part of the unit – the infrared detector. FLIR build their own cameras from the ground up, including the optics and detectors, so have complete control over the manufacturing process, and as a result will stand behind their products with these expended warranties. Calibration, service and repair is all done locally which significantly lowers the turnaround time, but in another way this is slightly trivial as we have seen very few FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera failures at all.

Using the E60 is not difficult at all. The menu system is well laid out and easy to navigate. The control buttons are well laid out and display is bright and clear. The image quality of the FLIR E60 is excellent, with it’s 320 x 240 infrared resolution. Although this gives the same number of temperature spot measurements (76,800) as the cheaper FLIR E8, the E60 also has a much smaller field of view at 25° x 19°, so is capable of far smaller spot measurements, because each pixel is smaller. If you think about it, the field of view is far smaller, with the same number of pixels as the FLIR E8, so therefore, each spot measurement will be smaller from the same distance. As well as the infrared image quality, one of the things we liked a lot was the bright LED lights on the E60. When imaging dark switchboards in plant rooms, or in roof areas and dark parts of buildings, the FLIR E60 was able to deliver a reasonably good visual image in a wide range of lighting situations, unlike the FLIR E4, E5, E6 and E8. The visual camera is also much better in terms of resolution, delivering a surprisingly good image with it’s 3.1 megapixel arrangement. The FLIR E8 in comparison does not have any form of lighting and only a 0.3 megapixel visual camera, which gives an image quality similar to the first cameras found on mobile phones.

E60 Infrared and Visual Images (not in MSX mode):

One of the things which appealed to us was the manual focus. This offers the ability to focus the areas of interest sharply. With the focus free thermal imaging cameras, the user loses control of the image focus, whereas e found the manual focus of the FLIR E60 was able to bring different parts of the image into focus, which was extremely useful for situations where objects are in the image at different distances.

The FLIR E60 boasts WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity, which will appeal to those users who want either the ability to showcase the latest technology, or have the extra productivity tools which the ability to connect to mobile devices gives. One of the neat features of using the FLIR E60’s WiFi interface is that it can be connected to a tablet or smartphone wirelessly, using the free FLIR Tools Mobile app. We did find that the E60 worked better with Apple devices than Android, as the WiFi allows a direct connection to an Apple device (iPad, iPhone, iPod). If connecting to an Android device, the procedure is slightly different, but nonetheless still simple. Once connected you can do a number of things with the camera. In “live view” mode, the information on the thermal imaging camera screen can be duplicated on the table or phone screen, which we liked for showing “problem areas” to customers in real time. As well as this feature, users can snapshot the screen, start a video recording, or even import the infrared and visual images from the camera into the mobile device. We tested this on an iPad and found it worked almost flawlessly. Our iPad also had a 3G SIM card, and one of the features we especially liked was the ability to upload the images to Dropbox, which allows instant transfer of images to anyone with access to the Dropbox folder on a Windows or Mac computer. In theory, it is possible for someone to be out on site, and upload the images to a smartphone or tablet, and then upload to Dropbox. Someone in the office can instantly complete the report and send it to the client before the thermographer leaves site, or if a second opinion on an image is required, it is made simple. If using a mobile device with 3G or Wifi access, a report can even be generated for problem areas, and sent straight to the customer for instant approval.

The Bluetooth interface serves 2 purposes on the FLIR E60 – one of these, and in our opinion the least useful, is to allow connection of a wireless headset (which is supplied) to add voice annotations to images. The other purpose is something which FLIR call “METERLink” and that allows a number of FLIR test and measurement instruments, which include moisture meters, multimeters, clamp meters to be wirelessly interfaced to the FLIR E60. We used the FLIR CM83 power clamp meter for our testing, and really like this feature. It allows electrical based inspectors to thermal image a switchboard (or for that matter any piece of equipment), and while doing this, have the clamp meter measuring the current draw in real time. This reading is beamed back to the thermal imaging camera, and embedded into the infrared image when it is saved on the camera for inclusion into the thermal report later. The same system also works well for building and pest based industries, although they would most probably be using the MR77 moisture meter for beaming back moisture readings. It just adds a certain aura of quality to the thermal imaging process and we think, gives a further degree of credibility to the thermographer.

What we liked most:
Smaller field of view for impressive image detail, manual focus gives excellent infrared image control, MSX image enhancement for increased sharpness and information, Fast 60Hz refresh rate, MeterLINK, WiFi and mobile connectivity, better visual images than the Ex series and LED lamps, larger high quality feel

What we didn’t like:
A lot closer to the T420 in cost, quite expensive compared to the E8.

FLIR T420

To complete the FLIR Thermal Imaging camera line up, we decided to review the FLIR T420. This unit is the entry level thermal imaging camera in the FLIR T-series, which represent the professional level thermal imagers. You should not take the phrase professional level to mean that they can only be used by full time thermal imaging technicians, but the features and results achieved with the FLIR T-series are aimed at professional standard thermal imaging and reporting.

If you have been considering a FLIR E60, and decide to take the plunge into the FLIR T-series, you will have to part with an extra bit of money – in the region of $2,000 to get into the FLIR T420.
Offering a different design away from the “gun” shaped thermal imaging cameras, the FLIR T420 – and also the remainder of the FLIR T-series for that matter, have a design which is more ergonomic, with a rotating lens block and a feel which is nearer to an expensive digital camera. The rotating lens we liked a lot, as for applications where you have to look up a lot to image objects with the thermal imaging camera, this will save having a stiff neck, as you can rotate the lens to point up, and still look down at the screen.

Just like the E60 we reviewed, the FLIR T420 has a 320 x 240 infrared detector, and exactly the same field of view, so your 76,800 pixels are the same size at the same distance. Again you get MSX (multi-spectral dynamic) image enhancement, plus a temperature scale up to +650°C and a 60Hz image refresh rate, which makes for a far more fluid experience when thermal imaging something that is moving, or even when moving the thermal imaging camera around. However, the FLIR T420 improves the thermal sensitivity, and this time drops it down to 35mK (0.035°C) for an even better smooth infrared image. The FLIR T420 uses the same visual camera as the FLIR E60, but does have improved IR optics, so undoubtedly delivers a crisper image.

For mobile connectivity, the FLIR T420 has a WiFi and Bluetooth interface, and works (just like the E40, E50 and E60) with the FLIR Tools Mobile app and with a range of FLIR test and measurement instruments. The FLIR T420 is also available in BX format for building inspectors and pest inspectors, and this BX version, with it’s lower temperature range and increased sensitivity can also lend itself well to any application with a narrow temperature range where enhanced details are required, such as veterinary or equine applications.

One thing that is found on the FLIR T420, and not available on lower series FLIR Thermal Imaging Cameras is something FLIR have called ULTRAMAX. What this does, is takes the thermal images taken by the T420 and when they are imported into the FLIR Tools software, the user can elect to apply the Ultramax settings. This increases the number of pixels in the image by a factor of four, and also halves the amount of noise in the image, for really smooth imaging. The two images below show the same image. The one on the left without Ultramax and the one on the right with Ultramax applied.

Looking at the image on the right hand side, the most apparent difference is the improvement in thermal noise. This gives the image less “graininess” and makes it look smoother. The extra pixels we found made the temperature spot smaller, but to the untrained eye, the difference was not something we found was overly apparent, but there was no doubt that the image did improve. In measurements where the temperature difference was finer, this noise reduction from setting Ultramax to enabled was far more apparent.

One of the features of the FLIR T420, and the rest of the FLIR T-series is the motorised focus. This saves the user from manually focusing the thermal image, and gives the option of either automatically focusing, using the capture button. A half press of the button automatically focuses the image, or alternatively, the user has the option to use a slider, located just above the image capture button to focus the image however it is desired for the thermal image. We actually really liked that feature a lot as it makes focusing quick and easy, while still retaining the versatility required by some thermographers.

Like all FLIR Thermal Imaging Cameras, the FLIR T420 is supplied complete in a hard carry case, with 2 rechargeable batteries, a desktop charger, calibration certificate, FLIR Tools software, and user documentation. The T420 also carries the FLIR 2/10 warranty, with a 10 year IR detector warranty.

What we liked most:
Surprisingly easy to use for a professional level thermal imaging camera, Ultramax for up to 4 times more pixels and half of the thermal noise, motorised focus, rotating lens, WiFi and Bluetooth connectivity, great infrared image quality.

What we didn’t like:
Automatic focusing sometimes takes more than one attempt to focus some images.

In Summary:
FLIR Systems have a fairly comprehensive line up of thermal imaging cameras, which should suit most applications and most budgets. From the entry level thermal imaging cameras, up to the top end infrared cameras, aimed at professional users, value for money and suitability for the job in hand are sure to be the two main things which are integral to most potential customers.

With the Ex series, the facelifted Exx series and T-series, FLIR have launched some innovative features. Every thermal imaging camera boasts a visual camera, which allows saving of both thermal and visual images together for inclusion into thermography reports which can be sent or emailed, detailing thermal issues.

The new MSX technology adds visual detail into the thermal image and brings out these details which would not be seen in standard thermal images:

 Images with and without MSX:

Value for Money:

With so many different models of thermal imaging cameras available, which one represents the best value for money?

In our opinion, infrared resolution and thermal sensitivity are the main driving factors, apart from the user, which can affect the quality of the thermal image. When considering the jump in price from one model to the next, how do you know if you are getting value for money. One way to compare one model against the other is to look at the performance to cost ratio. What this means is this.

The FLIR E4 costs around the $1500 mark and offers a resolution of 80x60 (4,800 pixels). An upgrade for potential customers looking for cost in this area would be to the E5, which more than doubles the resolution of the FLIR E4 and also improves the thermal sensitivity by a factor of around one third. The price increases by around $800 or so, which is less than double the cost of the E4 for more than double the resolution, so there is no doubt that the FLIR E5 represents a better performance to cost ratio, but not as much as the higher level cameras in each series. The FLIR E6 is around $1,300 more expensive than the FLIR E5 for more or less double the resolution and almost double the performance in thermal sensitivity, but you end up paying around 60% more in cost over the E5. For us though, the FLIR E8 represents the biggest jump in performance of 4 times the resolution of the FLIR E6, but at around $2,000 more of an outlay, or in other words, around a 40% cost increase over the FLIR E6, so based on that scenario, the best value for money award would go to the FLIR E8. When we looked at the E60, which is around twice the cost of the E8, you are paying for precision rather than increased resolution, as well as functionality and features.

When you are considering the FLIR E60, the resolution is the same as the FLIR E8 at 320 x 240 pixels, but having the smaller field of view means that the size of each measurement spot is going to be less than half the size of the E8 measurement spot, but if the user halves their distance from the object being measured, it is possible to reduce the spot measurement size with the FLIR E8.

The mobile connectivity and Bluetooth which is standard on the FLIR E40 and upwards without doubt adds a different level of productivity and professionalism to the thermal imaging process, but are the E60 and T420 worth the extra cost. In our opinion the answer is not as black and white as yes or no, and this is purely because each application can require different thermal imaging performance. For example if something needs to be thermal imaged and the thermographer can get no closer than, say 20 metres, then the FLIR E60 or T420 would be better options. If the thermographer needs to look at a small electronic component, which is perhaps 10mm long on a circuit board, then the FLIR T420 with an add on lens would have to be considered.

For general thermal imaging, the FLIR E8 would be our best value for money with a very good performance to cost ratio, but the FLIR E6 also comes close.

For precision applications, the FLIR T420 probably just edges out the FLIR E60, thanks to it’s enhanced features and Ultramax image enhancement.

Test Equipment are experts in FLIR Thermal Imgaing Cameras and related products. If you have any questions relating to thermal imaging cameras, or application please feel free to give us a call on 1800 837 837. Our friendly experts are always happy to answer any questions.

Radiodetection are a market leading global company in the field of cable and services detection, and offer a wide range of products. We choose this brand, for a number of reasons, one of them being that they offer global support and service, including here in Australia. The other reason, is that we have just found them to be more versatile and better than many of the competitor products. Having the local back up and support gives peace of mind, and in the rare event of a problem, any potential downtime of the product is minimal.

CAT 4+

The CAT 4+ is Radiodetection’s entry level underground cable and pipe locator (CAT is an abbreviation of cable avoidance tool) and this is the 4^th generation locator, although it is backwards compatible with the CAT 3 locator system, so for example the CAT 4+ genny will work with the CAT 3 locators, if it is ever required to. It’s a useful feature to have from a forward thinking perspective, because if Radiodetection replace the CAT 4+ in the future, you should still, in theory, be able to replace the parts which you need to replace rather than the whole kit. For example, if the locator needs replacing, you could just replace the locator and use it with the existing receiver, although we think the requirement to do this is limited.

Even for a so called “entry level” underground locator, the CAT 4+ still has plenty of features. We used the kit, which is a comprehensive enough set up for general location jobs, and this consists of a locator, signal generator (or transmitter), the leads, earth stake and induction clamp, all supplied in a bag with a calibration certificate, user manuals, USB cable and CAT Manager software.

The CAT 4+ we found extremely easy to set up and use. The locator (also called the receiver) is a nice, robust build quality with an easy to read display and is also very simple to operate, having just a trigger button, which needs to be held in whenever the user wants to have the locator switched on and in locate mode. The transmitter (or signal generator) is even easier to user, as there are only two buttons – one to turn it on and a signal boost button, which we will come to shortly.

There are no frequencies to select, and therefore you don’t need to have to understand different frequency selections with the CAT4+. Radiodetection have kept it as simple as possible, with just a single frequency of 33kHz, which is used for it’s ease of coupling on to services to make locates easer. However, with the CAT4+, Radiodetection have also added a specialised “small diameter” locate frequency, which is supposed to make location of small cables, such as those found in telecommunications and low voltage applications, such as irrigation systems easier. We tested it on some known phone cables and found that it was able to locate them with relative ease, although they were only located around 600mm deep. We were able to get a good strong signal and even display an accurate depth reading. The LCD display on the CAT4+ locator is simple and easy to read, with just a mode display in the top right hand side, and a signal bar graph in the middle to show the strength of the signal being received. Just below that is the depth button, which when pressed will show the depth of the buried service on the screen in metres. We tested it on a known power cable, and were easily able to get a depth reading of 0.45 m which when compared to the building plans was more or less exact. The depth reading on the CAT4+ will only work when the transmitter (signal generator) is connected. If using the CAT4+ without the transmitter in “Power” mode, a depth reading is not available.

The display is definitely not over complicated, and will suit those users who just want to know that there is something there, and where it is without the need to have more advanced information available.

There are a number of modes available on the CAT4+ and these are split into two types. Active modes are the ones where the signal generator (transmitter) is used to apply a signal to a buried cable or other service, and passive modes are the ones where the signal generator is not used. For live cables, the power mode, which is a passive mode can be used without the need to connect the signal generator. The magnetic field generated by the cable is picked up by the locator. We had Strike Alert on the CAT4+ which we were testing, and that function worked really well. With Strike Alert when the user is getting close to a live cable, the CAT4+ sounds an alarm and alerts the user to the impending danger. Genny mode is specifically for locates when the signal generator is attached to a live or dead cable, for using the induction clamp and allows depth to be displayed.

The signal clamp can be used on services where the end of the cable or pipe is not accessible, or where is cannot be disconnected. This is 100mm diameter, so should fit around most things.

In avoidance mode, which we used quite a bit, the locator uses a mixture of power, genny and radio modes for faster site surveying.

The signal generator output can be boosted by up to 10 times from the standard 0.1 watt to a 1 watt output. We tested this and did notice a tangible difference with the signal boost on, particularly with the accuracy of depth measurements. Radiodetection also say it aids with deeper and longer locates, but we didn’t test anything longer than 100 metres long. We were able to get down to over 2.5 metres in the ground though.

One of our favourite features of the CAT4+ is the eCert system, which allows the locator to be remotely calibrated by the user without using any special equipment. This can be done by using nothing more than the supplied USB cable, and CAT Manager software program. The user simply runs the program, and activates the eCert function. With the USB cable connected to a PC with internet connection, the locating circuitry is tested and checked against the original settings. On a successful conclusion of testing, which takes a matter of minutes, a Radiodetection calibration certificate can be saved and/or printed out. This function we really liked, not only because we have never seen it on anything else, but because it makes downtime and sending the unit away for calibration a thing of the past. There is a small cost involved to get the licence key, which is around half the cost of a traditional calibration, but having no inconvenience or downtime is worth it.

If you want to locate anything other than cables or conductive pipes and services, for example plastic pipe, then you will need to use a sonde, which is a small (some are bigger than others) radio transmitter which you attach to a reel or push rod and locate with the CAT4+ receiver. The reel or rods need to be attached to the signal generator (transmitter) and a signal applied. The one thing we didn’t like about the CAT4+, and to be fair, this can be said of any cable locator system we have ever seen, is the relatively high cost of the accessories. Most of them are not required for standard locates, so this does somewhat negate it.

The standard accessories are all supplied with the kit, and the connection leads are stowed away in the bottom half of the transmitter for convenience, which is a nice touch and keeps everything neat and tidy as well as safe.

Overall, we think that this is an excellent no frills service locator with some nice and easy to understand functions. There are always going to be some negatives, but with the CAT4+ these are few and far between. It offers good value for money, compared to the cost of other locators, and the enhanced functionality makes it a very useful piece of equipment.

What we liked Most:

Easy to use, everything included in the kit, eCert remote calibration, lots of functionality for the cost, local back up and support, reliable and robust.

What we didn’t like:

Accessories can be quite expensive, signal generator capped at 1 watt output (but still works well).

RD2000 Super CAT

The RD2000 Super CAT is Radiodetection’s next step up in underground cable and service locators from the CAT4+. In fact in many ways, the RD2000 is similar to the CAT4+, but has a number of stand out features which give the user more flexibility in using it. The main difference between the RD2000 and the CAT4+ is the ability to use more than one frequency – in other words they can be manually selected by the operator, unlike the CAT4+ which allows for no user input.

The RD2000 supports a number of different transmitters. Although they all look the same, the frequencies can be optimised for different types of industries.

We tested the TI-640 transmitter which allows direct connection using 640Hz, 8kHz and 33kHz, but depending on the transmitter being used, frequencies of up to 131kHz can be used, which are better suited to buried services such as twisted pair telecoms cable and insulated joints on pipes etc. Each of the transmitters has 3 different frequencies for direct connection (which is when you use the connection leads) and 2 different induction frequencies (which are used for the signal clamp or wireless methods of locating buried services). What is important though is to make sure that that transmitter is correctly paired to the receiver, as if the transmitter frequencies cannot be picked up by the receiver, you will be in for an impossible task of trying to locate anything. If buying a kit though, it’s far easier as all the pairing up is done for you. There are a number of locators (or receivers) available, and although they all look cosmetically the same, their frequencies are somewhat different. For example the + version is a multi-utility locator and the most popular, the TL is optimised for telecoms cable locating and the S version is aimed more towards using sondes to locate water and drain pipes.

With the CAT4+ it is only one transmitter, and one receiver with a single frequency (and an automatic small diameter locate frequency which is output at the same time). The RD2000 Super CAT range introduces a number of locators (receivers) and a number of signal generators (transmitters) which can be coupled to provide more flexibility for better locates. The lower frequency units can locate over long distances, and the higher frequencies tend to be better at locating small diameter phone and telecoms cables, as well as the small low voltage cables found in things such as irrigation systems and signal cabling.

We used the Super CAT+ kit and just like the CAT4+ it has everything you need to get going in a bag – transmitter, receiver, induction clamp, leads and connectors, earth stake, user manuals, calibration certificate, and a plug in connector, which allows the transmitter to be just plugged into a power point and a locate signal safely applied to the mains cables around the property. We thought this would be a really useful addition for building and pest personnel, but also useful in a wide range of other industries.

The RD2000 locator is not actually that different from the CAT4+ locator. The LCD screen is more or less the same deal here, with the mode function in the top right hand side and the bar graph taking up pole position on the screen. However the RD2000 has auto depth which means that it is no longer required to press a button for an impromptu depth measurement. As long as the RD2000 can display a depth reading – which must be in an active mode with the signal generator being used to introduce a trace frequency to the buried cable or pipe then the display will automatically display that depth.

The signal generator is a little smaller than the CAT4+ which we liked a lot. The CAT4+ genny has a useful toolbox built into the bottom, but the RD2000 transmitter is in our opinion a little sleeker and looks better, but this nothing more than a cosmetic detail. However the signal boost switch has been replaced with a frequency selection button. The signal boost button is not required on this transmitter, as it is a 1 watt version, so has the same output power as the CAT4+ transmitter when it is used with signal boost.

A lot of the functions are very similar, but the RD2000 is more like a beefed up version of the CAT4+ for those situations where the locate needs to be further optimised. This underground locator is not quite the precision of the RD7000+ and above, but offers a compromise and fills in a price gap between the CAT4+ and the RD7000+ as otherwise there would be a $2,500 jump in price from the CAT4+, but with the RD2000 Super CAT, it sits in the middle of the price gap and is around $1,000 more than the CAT4+ and about $1,500 less than the starter kit for the RD7000+ locator.

We found that the extra frequencies made locating different cables and also metal pipes much easier in difficult conditions, particularly in gravel or rocky soil. The higher frequencies definitely couple more easily to telecoms and data cables and the low frequencies do not seem to stray as much onto adjacent buried services, making pinpointing easier. The one thing we did notice though was that the low frequencies were not as easy to get onto a buried cable as the higher frequencies, but they travel over longer distances. However, we had to use direct connection to achieve really good results with low frequencies.

The eCert which we liked so much on the CAT4+ is not a feature on the RD2000 series, and in fact the RD2000 is the only locator in the Radiodetection range which does not have eCert. It just means that you have to send the locator in to the service centre for calibration. The saving grace with this though, is that Radiodetection have an excellent local service and support network, as they are a global organisation, so it just has to be a case of not having the RD2000 for a few days while it gets calibrated.

RD7000+

The RD7000+ heralds the start of the high performance, precision underground utilities and service locators, and belongs to a family of equipment which is based on a higher specification than the CAT4+ and the RD2000. The RD7000+ is a completely different underground locator, built around a much enhanced set of features and specifications aimed at precision location of cables, pipes and underground services and utilities.

We tested out the RD7000+ PL T10 kit which has the most powerful transmitter in the range at 10 watts output, and is optimised for the location of buried power cables, although it is still capable of detecting pipes and other services.

With the RD7000+ locators, Radiodetection are offering 4 different variations of locators (or receivers) and 3 different transmitters. The locators are available in SL version, which is a general purpose locator for construction and general types of underground locating, the DL version which has a number of sonde frequencies and CPS (cathodic protection system) mode and tends to favour the pipeline industry. Finally there are the PL and TL versions. The TL benefits from having very high frequencies of up to 200kHz and is therefore targeted towards contractors performing locates on buried telecoms and small diameter cables, such as twisted pair. Finally the PL, which is the most popular locator we have is optimised towards the power industry. It has advanced features, such as depth on power, a host of selectable frequencies and fault find, which can work with an A-Frame to find cable sheath faults to within a 10cms accuracy on buried cables. All of these locators can work across different industries, but they are just optimised towards a particular market segment with slightly different higher end features.

The first thing we noticed about the RD7000+ locator was it’s weight. We were expecting it to be far bulkier and heavier than the lightweight 1.9kg unit it is. With something this lightweight and easy to handle it would be easy to do long site surveys without having sore arms or hands afterwards. We found it a really nice ergonomic locator to use, and felt that Radiodetection must have gone to a fair bit of detail in the design of the RD7000+.

The locator (receiver) in itself is a nicely designed instrument with a large clear screen, which is far larger than the displays found on the CAT4+ and the RD2000 Super CAT underground locators. It is a well thought out element of the RD7000+ with logical and easy to follow information, all designed to make the operator have an easy time of interpreting the data. As well as the frequency and signal strength, there is a compass which is useful in determining the direction of the cable, pipe or service underground and this is one of the features that sets the RD7000+ apart from the lower end detectors. It is built for precision locates and using it makes it feel like the precision instrument it is.

We had the PL version of the RD7000+ which Radiodetection say is optimised for the power industry, with a bias on location of buried cables. However the PL+ will still work with a Sonde and reel or push rod to locate plastic pipes, but it doesn’t have the array of sonde frequencies found on the DL version. The PL+ has one single 33kHz frequency, but make up for that in other areas. One of the most useful features we found was something called depth on power. Lower end underground locators when used in power mode (to locate a live cable without the use of the transmitter or signal generator) cannot display any depth reading – to do this it must be used with the transmitter connected. The RD7000 PL+ can display the depth of the buried service, even in power mode without the need to connect or use the transmitter. It works well with Strike Alert so that as well as having the reassurance of an alarm if you get close to a live cable, you can also read the depth, even if you are not that close, which allows for even safer digging, as knowing the depth of something gives you that extra dimension.

There are a number of transmitter options available which include a 1 watt version (the TX-1) a 5 watt version (the TX-5) and a 10 watt version (the TX-10). To put this in perspective, the 10 watt version offers 100 times the output power of the CAT4+ Genny in standard mode and 10 times the power, even when the CAT4+ transmitter is used in signal boost mode. The LCD display on the RD7000+ transmitters is a very welcome addition, with the ability to look at the settings in an instant and to change any of the parameters in no time at all. With the 90V output option, we were able to apply a signal to a buried mains cable in our building and trace it back almost to the distribution board, which is located several hundred meters away. Radiodetection have included this higher voltage option for high impedance applications, which also works surprisingly well on poor soil conditions with temperamental signal return paths. We managed to get excellent depth accuracy across the whole of the line we were tracing, with the vast majority of it buried underneath a car park.

Looking at the range of transmitters, they look ergonomically good and are functional. Like the CAT4+ you get a nice tool tray built into the bottom of the transmitter to store the leads and earth stake, but these transmitters are both powerful and fully featured, for precision underground locating. Radiodetection have added a range of features, such as Side Step Auto, which automatically selects a frequency based on the ground impedance, and a built in multimeter function, which can measure power, voltage, line current and give the user all sorts of useful information relating to the characteristics of the profile of the locate.

By adding the A-Frame accessory, which costs around $1,000 extra to the set up, it allows for more advanced operations, in particular fault finding on underground power cables. We didn’t try out the A-Frame, but Radiodetection say that it is capable of locating cable sheath faults to around a 10cm accuracy on buried services, which allows for not only locating cables, but finding faults as well. Considering that a TDR costs around the same as the A-Frame accessory, it represents decent value for money.

The accessories that work with the RD7000+ are all plug and play, so don’t require any setting up. Simply plug in and they will work, with the minimum fuss and effort.

With the RD7000+ kit which we had, everything is supplied in a purpose made carry bag with multiple pockets to store everything. The kit consists of the transmitter, with leads and earth stake, the receiver (locator), an induction clamp, calibration certificate and manuals.

There are such a lot of features built into the RD7000+ system, that it’s actually quite difficult to list them all out precisely, but what is fair to say is that we liked a number of things about it. The dynamic overload protection works really well in electrically noisy or congested environments to filter out those annoying influences that can come from elsewhere, other than the target cable or pipe, such as overhead cables, high voltage equipment and so on. Like the CAT4+, the RD7000+ also has eCert to allow for remote calibration, which can be done without the locator being send back for service. The user just connects a USB cable, and follows the on screen instructions to verify the calibration values and save or print out a calibration certificate.

There are a number of frequencies available, and various modes for precision locating of services, some active and some passive, plus induction modes allowing for tracing of buried services with the supplied induction clamp, or even wirelessly where the transmitter is just put on the ground above the buried service and wirelessly couples a signal for locating the depth and direction of the cable or pipe. The compass built into the display, we thought was a very useful touch for confirming the direction of the buried cable, which in turn allows more accurate depth readings, and even aids with comparing the readings of the RD7000+ to any drawings or plans.

What we liked Most:

Superbly well featured cable locator, quite easy to use, lightweight, remote calibration function, wide choice of locators and receivers, backwards compatibility, built in compass, depth on power, plug and play

What we didn’t like:

Being around $5,500 to $7,000 worse off for owning one (if that is really a negative, compared to the cost and risk of cutting through a mains cable).

RD8100

The brand new RD8100 underground locator range takes the specification of the RD7000+ and goes even further. In our opinion, this must surely be one of the most advanced cable avoidance systems available anywhere in the world. It is bristling with all sorts of features which make locating underground services and utilities as precise as possible. Radiodetection say that the RD8000 locators have been further improved by adding a further antenna, which improves the locator performance in null mode and makes locating slightly more accurate still. With the extra antenna, the RD8100 now has a total of 5 antennas, which is a unique arrangement for Radiodetection.

One of the other features which we use on the RD8100 was in the integrated GPS and data logging which allow certain usage statistics to be saved. We thought this feature would be useful for training and / or quality management systems as it allows information relating to how the locator was being used to be stored for later analysis.

The RD8100 offers all the features as the RD7000+ and adds the multitude of extra advanced options designed for even more precise and easier underground locates. For example, the iLOC feature is something we found extremely useful to stop having to walk back to the transmitter each time a setting needs to be changed. With this feature the Bluetooth connection between the transmitter and the receiver enables the operator to make adjustments to the signal generator. This can be done from distances of up to 450 metres outdoors. As well as this records saved in the RD800 memory can be wirelessly transferred to a Bluetooth enabled PC or mobile device.

The GPS function we thought was really handy as the locator captures positioning every second and when used with Google maps to confirm where and when different locators were performed.

The other thing which stood for us about the RD8100 was the huge amount of frequencies available. We used the PDLG version which has 18 different locate frequencies and 4 sonde frequencies as well as 5 different passive modes, GPS, usage logging, depth on power, and iLOC. We coupled this with the TX-10B transmitter which has 10 watt output power and a whopping 36 active frequencies and 8 different induction frequencies. As if this wasn’t enough, we also have 14 different current direction frequencies. Current direction allows a specialised signal to be output which is extremely useful to pinpoint a target line which might be located amongst other parallel utilities. When using this mode it was a case of following the guidance arrow on the locator screen to stay on target. The TX10-B also had the 4 kHz frequency which is specifically designed to locate higher impedance utilities over longer distances. This works particularly well on congested areas, such as Telstra cables and street lights. The RD8100 is also equipped with power filters which help tracing power cables in live mode (without the transmitter) this works to filter out harmonic power signals to pinpoint whether a signal is being emitted from a single source or from parallel cables which can be individually traced.

Like the RD7000+, the RD8100 is equipped with the same array of features, such as TruDepth (which means depth readings are only given when the locator is oriented), eCert allowing for remote calibration with no down time. Peak and null mode, fault find - which allows the use of an A-Frame accessory to pinpoint underground cable insulation faults to within 10cms, Dynamic Overload Protection (to reduce external interference). The RD8100 also is supplied with RD Manager software which allows for setting up of the locator and downloading of stored data to a PC.

We liked the fact that not only is the RD8100 a very powerful service locator, but also very customisable to make it suitable for precision use in various industries. There are a number of locator options, and a choice of transmitters in different power outputs, with or without iLOC. We thought that the iLOC was well worth the extra $400 or so for the convenience of not having to keep walking backwards and forwards to the transmitter. We thought that it would be a real hindrance to have to try and mark a position, walk back to the transmitter to change a setting and then walk back to the original position and start again. It is much easier to control both transmitter and receiver from one place and saves a load of time, especially when the frequency has to be changed a number of times.

All in all, the RD8100 is not dis-similar to the RD7000+ in terms of size and weight, but adds some really nice features which will set you apart from your competitors if you really want to go out there and impress your customers. It really is a fabulous piece of kit.

What we liked Most:

Loads of features, unparalleled accuracy when used properly, compatible with RD7000+ accessories, fully customisable, iLOC Bluetooth connectivity saves loads of time, very precise in various modes, lightweight and ergonomic, heaps of frequencies, GPS works with Google maps, remote calibration can be done by the user easily, Radiodetection seem to have thought of everything.

What we didn’t like:

Can be slightly expensive at over $8,000 starting price for a full kit, so many features that take a little while to master them all, but once done it’s a brilliant piece of equipment.

Value for Money:

If all you need is a basic underground cable locator with no advanced features and have a limited budget, then the CAT4+ would be the locator kit of choice. For the $3,000 mark, you get a full kit which can be used to identify the presence of a buried cable or pipe. You don’t necessarily get precision features, but the CAT4+ is still a very capable locator system. However if you need to consider multiple frequencies, for instance to get the best out of trying to find Telstra and other communication cables, then perhaps the RD2000 would be a better choice, as it has up to 3 frequencies, but it is also available in a choice of standard frequencies, but the TL kit is better for telecoms cables as it can be purchased in a configuration with up to 131 kHz for small diameter cables, such as those twisted pairs. While the RD2000 is slightly more expensive than the CAT4+ it is still cheap enough at around $3,500 to $4,000 to compete with the CAT4+ on price.

The RD7000+ and RD8100 are, simply put in a different class to the lower end locators, and starting at over $5,000 for the cheapest RD7000+ kit up to nearly $10,000 for the top end of the RD8100 (with just about everything else in between) there is plenty of choice. In our opinion, the RD7000+ kit with the 5 watt or 10 watt transmitter offers a sensible compromise between precision and price at around $6,000 to $7,000 depending on the configuration. If money plays a second place to precision and you want the best Radiodetection kit, then the bottom line is that the RD8100 with the TX-10B is difficult to beat.

Each of these underground service locators has a place in today’s marketplace. Depending on which industry you are in, then different features are of different importance, but the main thing is that Radiodetection make a service locator which fits in just about anywhere in the field of utilities location.

Here at Test Equipment we carry a wide range of underground cable and services locators, used extensively to locate the position and depth of buried services, such as cables, pipes and other utilities. When purchasing an underground locator, there are a number of things to be aware of, which are crucial to the success of the locate, such as whether the locator is being used in an active or passive mode (with or without the use of a signal transmitter), available frequencies which determine how easily the signal can couple onto the target and how far it can travel. In addition to these kind of considerations, there are a whole list of things which we have covered in other posts which try to explain in much greater depth what the differences are between the different underground service locators, and what practices are best employed to get the best out of it.

Why Should Customers Buy from Test Equipment

We represent Radiodetection, one of the most globally respected brands in the underground cable and service locator markets, and as such have access to their entire range of underground locators. The CAT4+, RD2000, RD7000+, RD8000 and the new RD8100 are all models within our supply capability right across Australia. Whilst we carry some models of locators, including the Sonel LKZ-1000 and the HT Italia HT-5000 which is heavily modelled on the Amprobe underground locator range, the Radiodetection locators are by far our biggest market share. We can advise, and help customers select the most appropriate service locator for their needs, and also assist with application and getting the best performance from any of the Radiodetection range of underground locators.

We only carry market leading brands from premier manufacturers of equipment, as not only are the products of a high quality, but the back up and after sales support helps us to ensure that you get years of trouble free service, helping you to perform underground locates easier, faster and with greater accuracy. Should you require assistance, we are here to support you from our base right here in Brisbane from where we service the whole of Australia.

For customers looking for an uncomplicated locator, the CAT4+ would most probably be the instrument of choice. With it’s incredibly easy to use interface and display it offers a simplistic method of cable avoidance. There is the familiar 33kHz frequency with a small diameter locate signal, and the kit comes complete, including a signal clamp in a carry bag, ready for field use. This is also the locator with the lowest price, but nevertheless offers excellent all round performance.

The RD2000 takes the performance of the CAT4+, and adds three frequencies, allowing optimisation for the pipeline, electrical or telecommunications industries. With the same familiar interface, but more flexibility, the RD2000 bridges a gap between the CAT4+ and the more expensive precision locators, such as the RD7000+ which adds more frequencies, depth on power, TruDepth technology, Side Step Auto and a host of precision features, reserved for the higher end underground locator ranges. In fact the RD7000+PL kit is our best-selling configuration being extremely popular with contractors who may require a little more performance.

Finally the RD8100 which is the flagship Radiodetection cable and service locator has just been released and is already doing very well. With features such as Bluetooth for remote control, GPS, logging, and a myriad of improvements, the RD8100 is sure to impress even the most demanding customers. It is built for high end precision locating and supplied Australia wide by us here at Test Equipment, with full product support and back up.

Thermal Imaging Cameras have, in recent years, fallen in price significantly. Not that long ago, thermal imaging cameras were out of the reach of all but the biggest companies. During the last few years, FLIR thermal imaging cameras have become cheaper and smaller, putting them well within the reach of most potential users. FLIR have a wide range of thermal imaging cameras in their product line up, which will suit a wide range of budgets from the entry level user, up to the professional thermographer. 

The power of a FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera in your equipment is obvious. Seeing things that your eyes cannot detect makes a thermal imaging camera both useful and extremely powerful. For electrical contractors, why not unleash the power of a FLIR thermal imager to invetigate electrical connections in switchboards and machinery. Using a thermal camera allows hot connections caused by equipment faults, or poor contact to be spotted quickly and safely. Plumbers looking for water leaks can greatly benefit from a FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera to find the source of the leak, as water tends to slightly lower the temperature of it's surroundings, or in the case of hot water leaks, the leaks can be very obvious and found very quickly with a thermal imaging camera. Building and pest inspectors are also finding an invaluable tool for finding energy losses, termites, and building defects, all with the power of a FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera.

Why should you use a FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera ?

FLIR Systems are the global market leaders in the field of thermal imaging. With a global presence in numerous countries, FLIR thermal cameras have the benefit of FLIR's huge research and development budget, and all themal imaging cameras carry the FLIR exclusive 2/10 warranty, which gives a long 10 year warranty on the infrared detector assembly. This detector is the focal point of the thermal imaging camera and the most expensive component. Buying a FLIR thermal imager gives the user confidence and reassurance that such an expensive investment is covered against any expensive failures. Putting into perspective though, we have never seen a FLIR infrared detector fail in years of representing them.

Why Test Equipment should supply your FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera

At Test Equipment we are experts in the field of thermal imaging application and product selection. Our staff are qualified and certified thermographers and have used FLIR Thermal Cameras for many years. We are different from other FLIR distributors, not only because of our close ties with FLIR, but because of our extensive knowledge. Because thermal imaging is one of our specialist fields, our technical and after sales support is unrivalled. For our customers, we can help with finding the right thermal imaging camera, advising you every step of the way. We have extensive field experience with all FLIR Imaging Cameras, and our product specialists are considered as experts in this field. 

We offer full product training and support, at no extra charge and this extends to remotely setting up the software for you and helping you to analyse the images and compile reports for your customers. We also provide scheduled classroom training courses each quarter in various state capitals across Australia - again at no extra cost for certain customers. Letting us here at Test Equipment supply your FLIR Thermal Imaging Camera really does allow you to unleash it full potential and turn it into one of the most powerful tools you will ever use.

Here at Test Equipment we supply a range of moisture meters, which are used extensively in a wide range of industries to undertake accurate moisture content measurements in various materials. One of the reasons for deciding to write this article was because across these industries, the capabilities of different moisture meters and the way in which they work is very misunderstood on the whole. What one moisture meter is suitable for, another one may not be, and although all moisture meters do the same thing - measure moisture content, the way that they do it and display the results is very different indeed. 

The main, and most obvious difference is pin and pinless technology. Some meters use pins, which the user nees to push into the material being measured to obtain a reading. The pinless meters are non-destructive and do not leave any marks behind, and are therefore more widely used today than the moisture meters which use pins. Some years ago, we supplied far more moisture meters using pins than we do today. In recent years there has been a shift away from the pin type moisture meters, to the pinless ones as the technology and accuracy improves. The pin meters work in a very simple manner - they measure moisture by passing a small electrical current across the pins and through the material being measured. The conductivity of the material influences the passage of this current (the resistance changes) and you get a moisure reading in percent. With the pinless moisture meters, they too pass an electric field into the material and measure it, but this time the field extends into the material to a depth of typically 20mm to 50mm and as a result the moisture content is measured not between two pins, but in a cross sectional area of the material. The reading obtained is also 0-100 but this is not always a moisture content by percentage, but represents the moisture meter's dynamic scale (in other words 0 is the lowest end of the scale that the moisture meter can read and 100 is the top of it's scale).

Pin or Pinless Moisture Meter Technology ?

Because the pin type moisture meter is easier and simple, it still has a dedicated following, but there are limitations. For instance, they are not easy to use with certain materials, such as concrete as it is too hard and means drilling holes for the pins to be correctly inserted. The other thing is that the moisture content is more of a surface reading (between the tow pins). Finally, the last drawback is the pin holes that are left behind, which may be OK for some applictions, such as measuring timber or certain types of building materials, but if measuring a nice polished wooden floor or a nicely decorated house, it may have re-percussions.

The pinless meters also have their bad points as well as their good points. For example, a pinless moisture meter uses what is known as a relative or comparative method. This requires that the user places if somewhere dry and sets it to a reference point, or sets it to zero. As it is moved across the surface of something, the reading changes relative to the zero reading. This is not a moisture content in percent but a reading as a percentage of the meters maximum scale. However some of the better featured moisture meters have scales loaded into them, so that they can measure by pinless technology and still give the reading as a percentage content by weight in certain materials.

For example the VI-D4 can measure concrete, cement, and anhydrite screed moisture by percent. The VI-D6 can measure moisture content by weight in percent in concrete and a huge range of timbers. The GM-200 which is the most popular moisture meter in our product line up can measure percent by weigh in hardwood, softwood, gypsum (plasterboard), concrete and various other building materials. However what has to be understood here is that ALL of these meters can measure ANY material in relative mode, which is perfect for applications where the user needs to know if something has moisture or not, rather than requiring an exact moisture content by percentage weight. 

The latest technolgoy in pinless moisture meters, the FLIR MR160 even has infrared guidance built into it, which uses a very basic thermal image to guide the user to areas of moisture content. That meter would require a whole new discussion, so the link to it is right here.

There are many ground resistance testers available from various manufacturers, and while it may be tempting to just buy the cheapest ground resistance tester available, it can very often be a very false economy. With a wide range of functions and specifications, it can sometimes be difficult for the end user to decide why certain types of testing require different functions and why some instruments are capable of achieving far better results than others.

For some users, a two pole or three pole ground resistance tester is quite sufficient for their needs as they may only be required to test existing earth installations. For other users, a four pole machine is essential, especially if undertaking design or testing on new installations, where soil resistivity is required to be measured. For this kind of ground resistance testing, a method known as The Wenner Method is normally used, although the Schlumberger method can also be employed if required. The Wenner Method of ground resistance testing can only be achieved by using a four pole ground resistance tester. Some of these testers can also calculate soil resistivity automatically, eliminating the need for the soil resistivity to be manually calculated. Finally, some ground resistance testers, such as the AEMC 6471, the AEMC 6472 and the Sonel MRU-200 are multifunction units, which means that they can undertake all of these tests from a single instrument. In addition to the standard tests, undertaken with earth stakes some of these ground resistance testers can also employ the two clamp method of ground resistance testing, which eliminates the requirement to disconnect the earth and is fast and simple. However, care should still be taken when using the two clamp method of testing, as it is not suitable for all electrical installations.

While a number of manufacturers have ground resistance testers in their product line up, we primarily distribute ground resistance testers from AEMC and Sonel. the reason for this is because the current output from these instruments is superior to many other brands, and while this may seem like a trivial matter, it is arguably the most important feature to look for, especially with the ground conditions in many parts of Australia being dry and rocky, which tends to make the current generated by the ground resistance tester of paramount importance. Too small a current will prevent the meter being able to get a meaningful reading, or in fact any reading at all in some cases. Both AEMC and Sonel ground resistance testers can generate a test current of 200mA and above, and this will allow a more accurate reading to be obtained in a range of different soil conditions.

The most popular model, the AEMC 6471 is supplied complete in a ground testing kit with leads and spools, twin clamps, software, earth stakes and everything required for testing in Australian conditions. This is the kit which we are asked for more than any other and with very good reason. The AEMC 6471 is a 250mA ground resistance tester, which works well here in Australia and it is capable of performing all types of ground resistance testing, which means that you can select which test is best and utilise the 6471 to undertake any of these tests. With the AEMC 6471 or the Sonel MRU-200 there are no types of ground resistance tests that these units cannot perform, so whatever the conditions, you can be confident in having a ground resistance meter that will enable you to be able to undertake testing in more or less any conditions.

Here at Test Equipment, we can advise on any aspect of ground resistance testing, including product selection and application. We are happy to train customers on any aspect of using one of the ground resistance testers which we supply, so please ask us and we will be more than happy to assist you to the best of our ability.

Thermal Imaging Cameras are becoming ever more popular as potential thermographers realise the massive array of uses for thermal imaging in today's modern industries. Although traditionally, they are usually associated with electrical applications, such as looking for hot connections and electrical load faults, thermal imaging cameras are far more versatile than that, and find invaluable uses with building and energy inspectors / assessors, pest control companies, science and research facilities, and medical / veterinary uses. Thermal imaging of horses and other animals to show up joint inflammation and other anomalies is becoming more popular in recent years, especially as the cost of owning a good quality thermal imaging camera is falling.

Electrical equipment and cabling generates heat based on both load (in other words how much current is being drawn by the load) and also based on the amount of resistance, which is nearly always the result of either a bad connection, or failing component. This amount of heat released in an electrical circuit is proportional to the square of the current, so that this heat can easily be measured by using a thermal imaging camera to gain a very precise look at where these potential problems lie before components and equipment fail. For equipment at the end of it's defect liability period (DLP) a thermal imaging camera can be used to spot any potential faults before the equipment is handed over. However, from an application point of view, it is vitally important to have as near to full load as possible when conducting the thermal imaging inspection.

In recent times, there has been a surge in thermal imaging camera enquiries from plumbers and HVAC professionals. Plumbers in particular have realised that a thermal imaging camera can be easy utilised to save hours in seeking out and pinpointing water leaks in buildings. As the water leaks against a wall or floor, the evaporation tends to lower the temperature of the surroundings, and this temperature difference can be isolated and measured with a thermal imaging camera. It is not quite as straightforward as just buying the cheapest thermal imager and pointing it as something. Thermal sensitivity and resolution must be carefully considered.

Building and pest inspectors use thermal imaging cameras extensively to look for termites, pests and building problems, such as insulation leaks, poorly fitting doors and gaps, and energy losses. If the right thermal imaging camera is selected, then the thermographer has a very powerful tool indeed, which guides the inspector to the areas of potential problem. Some pest inspectors have even mentioned that customers will not retain their services if they do not have a thermal imaging camera. While it is not essential by any means, it is another pair of eyes essentially that can see what your own eyes can't. Again thermal sensitivity is important as is resolution.

Other Industries where a Thermal Imaging Camera can be Used Effectively:

Any application where temperature is used to analyse or diagnose a fault or condition can lend itself to thermal imaging. A thermal imaging camera simply calculates the surface temperature of many points (the more resolution the infrared camera has, the more temperature points are measured) and is capable of measuring these temperatures to a high level of sensitivity. This makes a thermal imaging camera deliver a picture or heat map which can be used for effectively diagnosing something based on it's temperature distribution.

Medical and veterinary applications are a growing trend in the world of thermal imaging. This is because certain conditions cause inflammation of tissues, and this inflammation generates increased temperature on the skin surface. A thermal imaging camera with a sufficient level of resolution and thermal sensitivity can easily pick up these areas of inflammation. Although thermal imaging of horses tends to be the premier application by enquiry, it is certainly not restricted to this field.

Solar PV systems generate heat on faulty panels. A thermal imager is capable of pinpointing these areas of higher than normal temperature and narrowing down the problem area, saving the technician time and money.

The HVAC industry is based on temperature and thermal imaging can be effectively employed to spot leaking ducts, air leaks in equipment, faulty seals around refrigeration equipment, energy losses in buildings, system blockages, fouled or dirty coils, faulty compressors, and even problems with air flow and distribution.

Our clients come from a diverse range of industries, with varied applications. Even where you may think there is no use for a thermal imaging camera, you may be surprised. Please feel free to call us if you would like to speak to a specialist who can assist you with application, and product selection.

Insulation resistance testers, or megohmmeters are arguably one of the most used test instruments in the electrical industry. Being able to measure very high levels of resistance is essential to determining the electrical integrity of cabling, motors, and electrical equipment, which makes the insulation resistance tester so widely used.

Most of these megohmmeters can be roughly split into three product groups, based on the test voltage produced. There are those that are capable of producing a test voltage of up to 1000V, those which can output up to 5kV and those that can generate 10kV and even higher than that. The 1000V insulation testers are predominantly hand held, although some of them, such as the AEMC 1050 and AEMC 1060 are housed in a robust field case. These are also the cheapest of the product groups as they tend to be less complex than the higher voltage testers. Nevertheless, some of them like the Sonel MIC-10 and MIC-30 are very capable instruments indeed, with an array of functions and features designed for professional use. Analogue megohmmeters are still very popular but this popularity is gradually waning as the digital units are becoming more and more the standard for most of the electrical industry, doe to their greater accuracy and lack of moving parts.

A wide range of Insulation Resistance Testers up to 15kV

Many of our industrial customers require something with more grunt and thus will be interested in the 5kV and 10kV upwards range. For this, Sonel have not long ago released an excellent range of meters, such as the MIC-5005 and MIC-5010. Granted, you will not get much change out of $3,000 for this calibre of insulation tester, but the differences between these meters and the cheap one flooding online retailers websites are stark to say the least. With the cheaper models, you may have something that is capable of reading up to, perhaps 3GΩ, but with the higher quality Sonel and even AEMC insulation resistance meters, they can read up to 15TΩ before they show an infinite reading. Along with a load of other features such as polarisation index (PI), dielectric absorption ratio (DAR) these meters also usually will have the ability to save and download the readings for reporting purposes.

The 10kV upwards range will cost more but are an essential tool for many of our power engineer customers. Nearly all of these meters, just like the 5kV insulation testers are fully programmable. You can set them to increase the test voltage over time (ramp or step voltage) and you can even select a test voltage from as low as 50V, so these meters are versatile as one insulation resistance tester can be used for a very wide range of insulation testing on various objects. The AEMC 6550 and the AEMC 6555, which is capable of 15kV insulation testing have certainly attracted a following since their release some time ago, but Sonel have now released the MIC-10K1 with it's graphical display and huge array of features, and it is also cheaper, so we think it should provide some stiff competition. Having used them both and also regularly calibrating them in our calibration laboratory, it is difficult to choose between them as both are very capable meters.

In terms of value for money though, we would probably have to give that award to the Sonel MIC-5005 in the 5kV category and the Sonel MIC-10K1 in the 10kV+ category as these are excellent instruments, but the AEMC range is very established, and would offer very comparable value for money except for a weaker Australian Dollar. The smaller 1000V hand held units value for money would have to be the Testrite T-1050 or the Sonel MIC-10. Whichever way you look at it, all insulation resistance testers supplied by us at Test Equipment are professional quality. We can also calibrate any of these units and service them from our base in Brisbane.

Problems with power quality cost industry billions of dollars each year, due to inefficient operation of machinery, equipment, and various electrical components. In fact power quality issues are responsible for equipment failure, excess amounts of heat in cabling and connections due to excessive current draw, but are often overlooked. Thermal Cameras are used extensively to check hot spots and problems in electrical networks, but the underlying cause can very often be problems with power quality.

With a wide range of power quality analysers, with various functions and capabilities, we at Test Equipment can empower you with the tools you need to get the job done. Our range of power analysers include models from AEMC and HT Italia who are both highly respected brands in the electrical test industry, and can range from the easy to use, very popular PEL-103 up to the AEMC 8336 and HT Italia PQA824, both of which are high end instruments which can be used to log power quality for extended periods of time in switchboards or at other points throughout the electrical installation. Quite recently we were asked to provide a power logger to analyse a power problem in a hospital, and used the AEMC 8336 to find the source of the problem, which was causing expensive components to regularly fail. After a week of logging, we uncovered a voltage stability problem, and were able to advise the facility to install phase failure relays to protect the equipment from the large dips and swells which were being experienced. The point to learn from this is that although a high quality power analyser like this can initially have an outlay of several thousand dollars, it can save much more than this in the long term and provide the contractor with an edge - effectively a pair of eyes which can look at every detail in the electrical system under test.

The Cheapest Value for Money Power Quality Analyser:

The PEL-103 from AEMC Instruments outsells all of our other power quality analysers put together. As far as the cost goes, the PEL-103 is our cheapest power quality analyser, but do not let it's price fool you. it has a heap of capability of both single phase and three phase electrical systems and is capable of measuring and data logging power quality issues over very long periods of time thanks to it's removable SD card which can be removed and replaced with a memory card of up to 32GB. The PEL-103 is small as well, only 35mm thick and comes in a magnetic rubber boot allowing it to be safely and quickly fixed in place. The flexible current probes which it uses can measure nominal AC current up to 10,000A and they are also supplied with it in the kit, as well as the software for downloading the recordings and providing a nicely customised power quality report for the customer. With Bluetooth, and Android app, and Ethernet connectivity to allow remote monitoring from anywhere in the world, the PEL-103 is without doubt the best value for money power quality analyser we have seen. We also service and calibrate them right here in Australia at our office in Brisbane. 

What about the more expensive Power Quality Analysers ?

Essentially the PEL-103 may be quite sufficient for someone who just wants to measure voltage, current, power, power factor, energy consumption. It is easy to set up, easy to use, has an easy to see LCD screen, works with an Android app through it's Bluetooth connection to see phasor diagrams on a phone or tablet in real time. However, some customers require more flexibility than the PEL-103 can offer, such as being able to measure inrush current, which is prevalent in the startup of direct online motors, and lighting circuits. They may want to have everything contained on the colour screen of the power analyser, and may prefer to have a direct measurement of the neutral current with a fourth current clamp. Depending on requirements, this is where the more expensive power quality analysers come into play. They have more advanced features, such as scalable alarm thresholds, scalable primary voltages and powers, some of them, such as the HT Italia PQA824 are very fast with high sample rates. Others, such as the AEMC 8435 are completely weatherproof and can be positioned outdoors.

Either way there is a lot of choice available to the potential customer, which can be daunting, which is why we are here to advise and guide you through the process. We have significant experience in power quality measurements, and correct equipment application for being able to analyse any problems correctly and understand what the measurements mean. For customers we can offer either face to face or remote product support and training to ensure you are not left with something that you can't operate correctly or safely.

Power quality is a serious business and is expected to become even more serious with a focus on saving energy, and reducing electrical system inefficiencies. Please feel free to call us if you need help or advise, and we will always be more than happy to help you wherever we can.

One of the most requested product lines which are supplied by us here at Test Equipment are Test & Tag Machines, otherwise known as PAT Testers (PAT is an abbreviation of Portable Appliance Test). All of these machines are capable of undertaking different tests, all to the relevant Australian Standards. The only thing that tends to differ as you go up the range (apart from price) is the functionality of each unit.

For example, the entry level units are capable of performing insulation tests, earth continuity tests and current leakage tests in one handy unit, some units can also test RCD trip swithces for correct operation, and some units have a built in memory to allow the user to save the results for downloading to a PC, eliminating the requirement to manually complete a log book. The higher level units are fully automated and allow tags to be printed on site and fully manage client assets.

Why Calibrate your Test and Tag Equipment ?

Testing to Australian Standards also requires the device to have certain tolerances for accuracy, and that is where keeping the machine calibrated will ensure that the accuracy of your tester is checked and any potential adjustments can be made. AS/NZS3760 prescribes very definite pass and fail limits for insulation resistance, earth continuity and currrent leakage (current leakage varies between Class 1 and Class 2 appliances between 1mA and 5mA). Passing an appliance with a test and tag machine which is out of it's calibration period is potentially opening up a situation where something should have failed, but instead has been passed because of the test and tag unit's calibration. Although it is extremely rare for one of our TnT PAT testers to fail a calibration, or require adjustment, it is still prudent to have the unit calibration checked every 12 months to verify that the performance is still within the manufacturer's declared performance and accuracy specifications. This potentially eliminates the risk of personal injury, or even worse to anyne who may use a dangerous appliance that has been passed as safe due to a test and tag machine which has drifted out of calibration.

All of our TnT range of portable appliance testers are designed and manufactured for Australian Standards and are built using high grade electronic components, which maintain the integrity of the unit, and keep them within the manufacturer's tolerances. Our calibration lab is fully equipped to test and certify a full range of portable appliance testers from TnT and various other brands. Although all TnT appliance testers are supplied with a calibration certificate when new, we can offer a re-calibration service right here at our Brisbane premises with fast turnaround and minimal downtime to the contractor.

Why not benefit from our experience with selecting the appropriate test and tag equipment, as we are able to advise on product selection and appliacation. We have years of experience in the electrical industry, and getting the right advice from the start can potentially save you hours of writing tags, filling in log books and keeping yourself compliant. We are here to assist you with potential pitfalls and benefits of using the correct machine, and operating it correctly.

Here at Test Equipment we stock a large range of test instruments, specifically for use in the electrical, HVAC, and utility/engineering sectors. With the latest test meters from FLIR, Radiodetection, AEMC, HT Italia, Sonel and Fieldpiece we are ideally positioned to offer various solutions for customers' electrical test equipment requirements.

As well as our sales division which specialises in electrical test and measurement equipment, we also have a full equipped calibration laboratory located at our offices in Brisbane. When purchasing test equipment from us, it often makes sense to have the calibration done at the point of sales because not only can it be cheaper and more convenient than having to spend extra time and money sending the equipment to a third-party calibration company, but we are trained to perform calibrations by each manufacturer on their test equipment to the same standards as their factory technicians. All of our calibrations are traceable to national standards using NATA calibrated references. 

Test Equipment for the Electrical Industry

FLIR Systems have recently released a range of electrical test equipment to complement their thermal imaging cameras. With a growing range of products, including multimeters, clamp meters, thermometers, and moisture meters which can all interface wirelessly with a number of the thermal imaging cameras. FLIR Thermal Imaging Cameras are also distributed by us at Test Equipment, and as one of FLIR's largest distributors across Australia, we stock the whole range of FLIR Thermal Imaging Cameras.

Radiodetection are the global market leader in underground cable and service locators. We stock the whole range of underground cable locators, as well as ground penetrating radar, leak detection equipment and even the Riserbond range of TDR meters for use on cable systems.

AEMC Instruments trust Test Equipment to represent them across Australia and supply their full range of electrical test instruments to electricians, engineers, and various other industries. Specifically known for their ground resistance testers, insulation resistance testers and power quality analysers, AEMC also have a wide range of other equipment, and as part of the huge Chauvin Arnoux global network, we offer sales, service and calibration of all their electrical test equipment Australia Wide.

HT Italia and Sonel are both stocked by us and with a wide range of test instruments aimed at electricians, and power systems engineers and professionals, both of these companies manufacture high quality test meters. The range of multifunction electrical installation testers (sometimes called combi testers) from Sonel are arguably some of the best multifunction electrical testers available on the market. With a growing market share and excellent product support and back up all offered from Test Equipment, with the manufacturer's assistance, we are here to ensure that you get the best out of your test equipment with our unrivalled product support and experience in the field.